一、几何应用
1. 平面图形的面积
(1) 若平面域
D
D
D 由曲线
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x),
y
=
g
(
x
)
(
f
(
x
)
⩾
g
(
x
)
)
y=g(x)(f(x)\geqslant g(x))
y=g(x)(f(x)⩾g(x)),
x
=
a
x= a
x=a,
x
=
b
x= b
x=b
(
a
<
b
)
( a< b)
(a<b) 所围成,则
S
=
∫
a
b
[
f
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
)
]
d
x
S=\int_a^b\left[f(x)-g(x)\right]dx
S=∫ab[f(x)−g(x)]dx
(2) 若平面域
D
D
D 由曲线
ρ
=
ρ
(
θ
)
\rho=\rho(\theta)
ρ=ρ(θ),
θ
=
α
\theta=\alpha
θ=α,
θ
=
β
(
α
<
β
)
\theta=\beta(\alpha<\beta)
θ=β(α<β) 所围成,则
S
=
1
2
∫
α
β
ρ
2
(
θ
)
d
θ
S=\frac12\int_\alpha^\beta\rho^2(\theta)\mathrm{d}\theta
S=21∫αβρ2(θ)dθ
【拓展】用二重积分求:二重积分被积函数等于1时,可以直接表示区域面积,即
S
=
∬
D
1
d
σ
S=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}1\mathrm{d}\sigma
S=D∬1dσ
(1)
S
=
∬
D
1
d
σ
=
∫
a
b
d
x
∫
g
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
d
y
=
∫
a
b
[
f
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
)
]
d
x
S=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}1\mathrm{d}\sigma=\int_a^b\mathrm{d}x\int_{g(x)}^{f(x)}\mathrm{d}y=\int_a^b\left[f(x)-g(x)\right]dx
S=D∬1dσ=∫abdx∫g(x)f(x)dy=∫ab[f(x)−g(x)]dx
(2)
S
=
∬
D
1
d
σ
=
∫
α
β
d
θ
∫
0
ρ
(
θ
)
ρ
d
ρ
=
1
2
∫
α
β
ρ
2
(
θ
)
d
θ
(
d
σ
=
ρ
d
ρ
d
θ
)
S=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}1\mathrm{d}\sigma=\int_\alpha^\beta\mathrm{d}\theta\int_0^{\rho(\theta)}\rho\mathrm{d}\rho=\frac12\int_\alpha^\beta\rho^2(\theta)\mathrm{d}\theta\quad(\mathrm{d}\sigma=\rho\mathrm{d}\rho\mathrm{d}\theta)
S=D∬1dσ=∫αβdθ∫0ρ(θ)ρdρ=21∫αβρ2(θ)dθ(dσ=ρdρdθ)
2. 旋转体体积
若平面域
D
D
D 由曲线
y
=
f
(
x
)
(
f
(
x
)
⩾
0
)
y=f(x)(f(x)\geqslant0)
y=f(x)(f(x)⩾0),
x
=
a
x=a
x=a,
x
=
b
(
a
<
b
)
x=b\left(a<b\right)
x=b(a<b)所围成,则
(1) 区域
D
D
D 绕
x
x
x 轴旋转一周所得到的旋转体积为
V
x
=
π
∫
a
b
f
2
(
x
)
d
x
V_x=\pi\int_a^bf^2(x)\mathrm{d}x
Vx=π∫abf2(x)dx
(2) 区域
D
D
D 绕
y
y
y 轴旋转一周所得到的旋转体积为
V
y
=
2
π
∫
a
b
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
V_{y}=2\pi\int_{a}^{b}xf(x)\mathrm{d}x
Vy=2π∫abxf(x)dx
【拓展】用二重积分求:
V
=
2
π
∬
D
r
(
x
,
y
)
d
σ
V=2\pi\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}r(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma
V=2πD∬r(x,y)dσ,
r
(
x
,
y
)
=
∣
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
∣
a
2
+
b
2
r(x,y)=\displaystyle\frac{|ax+by+c|}{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}
r(x,y)=a2+b2∣ax+by+c∣。则(1)(2)分别为
y
=
0
y=0
y=0 和
x
=
0
x=0
x=0 时的特例
(1)
V
x
=
2
π
∬
D
y
d
σ
=
2
π
∫
a
b
d
x
∫
0
f
(
x
)
y
d
y
=
π
∫
a
b
f
2
(
x
)
d
x
V_{x}=2\pi\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}y\mathrm{d}\sigma=2\pi\int_{a}^{b}\mathrm{d}x\int_{0}^{f(x)}y\mathrm{d}y=\pi\int_{a}^{b}f^2(x)\mathrm{d}x
Vx=2πD∬ydσ=2π∫abdx∫0f(x)ydy=π∫abf2(x)dx
(2)
V
y
=
2
π
∬
D
x
d
σ
=
2
π
∫
a
b
d
x
∫
0
f
(
x
)
x
d
y
=
2
π
∫
a
b
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
V_{y}=2\pi\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}x\mathrm{d}\sigma=2\pi\int_{a}^{b}dx\int_{0}^{f(x)}xdy=2\pi\int_{a}^{b}xf(x)\mathrm{d}x
Vy=2πD∬xdσ=2π∫abdx∫0f(x)xdy=2π∫abxf(x)dx
3. 曲线弧长
( 1 ) C : y = y ( x ) , a ⩽ x ⩽ b . s = ∫ a b 1 + y ′ 2 d x ( 2 ) C : { x = x ( t ) y = y ( t ) α ⩽ t ⩽ β . s = ∫ α β x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 d t ( 3 ) C : ρ = ρ ( θ ) , α ⩽ θ ⩽ β . s = ∫ α β ρ 2 + ρ ′ 2 d θ \begin{aligned} &(1)\ C:y=y(x),\quad a\leqslant x\leqslant b.\quad s=\int_{a}^{b}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime2}}\mathrm{d}x\\ &(2)\ C:\begin{cases}x=x(t)\\y=y(t)\end{cases} \alpha\leqslant t\leqslant\beta.\quad s=\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}\sqrt{x^{\prime2}+y^{\prime2}}\mathrm{d}t\\ &(3)\ C:\rho=\rho(\theta), \alpha\leqslant\theta\leqslant\beta.\quad s=\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}\sqrt{\rho^{2}+\rho^{\prime2}}\mathrm{d}\theta \end{aligned} (1) C:y=y(x),a⩽x⩽b.s=∫ab1+y′2dx(2) C:{x=x(t)y=y(t)α⩽t⩽β.s=∫αβx′2+y′2dt(3) C:ρ=ρ(θ),α⩽θ⩽β.s=∫αβρ2+ρ′2dθ
4. 旋转体侧面积
曲线
y
=
f
(
x
)
(
f
(
x
)
⩾
0
)
y=f(x)(f(x)\geqslant0)
y=f(x)(f(x)⩾0),
x
=
a
x=a
x=a,
x
=
b
(
0
⩽
a
<
b
)
x=b(0\leqslant a<b)
x=b(0⩽a<b)及
x
x
x 轴所围成区域绕
x
x
x 轴旋转所得旋转体的侧面积为
S
=
2
π
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
1
+
f
′
2
(
x
)
d
x
S=2\pi\int_a^bf(x)\sqrt{1+f^{\prime2}(x)}dx
S=2π∫abf(x)1+f′2(x)dx
【拓展】上式对应3.(1),除此外与(2)(3)对应的为
(2)
S
=
2
π
∫
a
b
y
(
t
)
x
′
2
+
y
′
2
d
t
S=2\pi\displaystyle\int_a^by(t)\sqrt{x^{\prime2}+y^{\prime2}}\mathrm{d}t
S=2π∫aby(t)x′2+y′2dt
(3)
S
=
2
π
∫
α
β
ρ
sin
θ
ρ
2
+
ρ
′
2
d
θ
S=2\pi\displaystyle\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}\rho\sin\theta\sqrt{\rho^{2}+\rho^{\prime2}}\mathrm{d}\theta
S=2π∫αβρsinθρ2+ρ′2dθ
二、物理应用
- 压力
- 变力做功
- 引力
1.2.重点。没有现成公式,需要根据题意建立微元灵活应用
个人笔记,如有错误,烦请指正