【实对称矩阵的对角化1】

习题

1、设矩阵
$$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-2& 1& 1\\ 0& 2& 0\\ -4& 1& 3\end{array}\right),$$
问$A$能否对角化？若能，则求可逆矩阵$P$和对角矩阵$\Lambda$，使$P^{-1}AP=\Lambda$。

解：
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}-2-\lambda & 1& 1\\ 0& 2-\lambda & 0\\ -4& 1& 3-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(2-\lambda )\left|\begin{array}{cc}-2-\lambda & 1\\ -4& 3-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(\lambda -2)(\lambda +1)(2-\lambda ) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1=-1,{\lambda }_2={\lambda }_3=2 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1=-1$时，
$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& 1& 1\\ 0& 3& 0\\ -4& 1& 4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -1& -1\\ 0& 3& 0\\ 0& -3& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -1& -1\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -1\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow x=c_1\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)$$

2）${\lambda }_2={\lambda }_3=2$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-4& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\\ -4& 1& 1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -\frac{1}{4}& -\frac{1}{4}\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow x=c_1\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{4}\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)+c_2\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{4}\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow \text{线性无关特征向量}{p}_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{4}\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),p_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{4}\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow p_1,p_2,p_3\text{线性无关}\Rightarrow A\text{可对角化，记} \\ P=(p_1,p_2,p_3)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& \frac{1}{4}& \frac{1}{4}\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 1& 0& 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow P^{-1}AP=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& 0& 0\\ 0& 2& 0\\ 0& 0& 2\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

2、设
$$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 1\\ 1& 1& t\\ 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right),$$
问$t$为何值，$A$可对角化？

解：
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}-\lambda & 0& 1\\ 1& 1-\lambda & t\\ 1& 0& -\lambda \end{array}\right|=(1-\lambda )\left|\begin{array}{cc}-\lambda & 1\\ 1& -\lambda \end{array}\right|=(1-\lambda )({\lambda }^2-1) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1,{\lambda }_3=-1 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& 0& 1\\ 1& 0& t\\ 1& 0& -1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -1\\ 0& 0& t+1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow t=-1\text{时有2个线性无关的特征向量},A\text{可对角化} \end{gathered}$$

3、设矩阵$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 0& 1\\ 3& 1& x\\ 4& 0& 5\end{array}\right)$可对角化，求$x$。

解：
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}2-\lambda & 0& 1\\ 3& 1-\lambda & x\\ 4& 0& 5-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(1-\lambda )\left|\begin{array}{cc}2-\lambda & 1\\ 4& 5-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(1-\lambda )(\lambda -1)(\lambda -6) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1,{\lambda }_3=6 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 1\\ 3& 0& x\\ 4& 0& 4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& x-3\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow x=3\text{时有2个线性无关的特征向量},A\text{可对角化} \end{gathered}$$

4、设
$$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& -1& 1\\ -1& 0& 1\\ 1& 1& 0\end{array}\right),$$
求一个正交矩阵$P$，使$P^{-1}AP=\Lambda$为对角矩阵。

解：
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}-\lambda & -1& 1\\ -1& -\lambda & 1\\ 1& 1& -\lambda \end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}0& \lambda -1& 1-{\lambda }^2\\ 0& 1-\lambda & 1-\lambda \\ 1& 1& -\lambda \end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{cc}\lambda -1& 1-{\lambda }^2\\ 1-\lambda & 1-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(\lambda +2)(\lambda -1)(1-\lambda ) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1,{\lambda }_3=-2 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& -1& 1\\ -1& -1& 1\\ 1& 1& -1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& -1\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),{\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{将}{\xi }_1,{\xi }_2\text{正交化},{\eta }_1={\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),{\eta }_2={\xi }_2-\frac{[{\eta }_1,{\xi }_2]}{[{\eta }_1,{\eta }_1]}\cdot {\eta }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)-\frac{-1}{1+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}\\ 1\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

将${\eta }_1,{\eta }_2$单位化，
$$\Rightarrow p_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),p_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\\ 2\end{array}\right)$$

2）${\lambda }_3=-2$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& -1& 1\\ -1& 2& 1\\ 1& 1& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 2\\ 0& 3& 3\\ 0& -3& -3\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 2\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow x=c_3\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -1\\ 1\end{array}\right),{\xi }_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -1\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{将}{\xi }_3\text{单位化}\Rightarrow p_3=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -1\\ 1\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

将$p_1,p_2,p_3$构成正交矩阵，
$$P=(p_1,p_2,p_3)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}& -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\\ -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}& 0& \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow P^{-1}AP=P^{T}AP=\Lambda =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-2& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$

5、设$A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}2& -1\\ -1& 2\end{array}\right)$，求$A^n$。

解：
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{cc}2-\lambda & -1\\ -1& 2-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(\lambda -1)(\lambda -3) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1=1,{\lambda }_2=3 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1=1$时，
$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& -1\\ -1& 1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{cc}1& -1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\end{array}\right)$$

2）${\lambda }_2=3$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{cc}-1& -1\\ -1& -1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow P=(p_1,p_2)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& -1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow P^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\\ -\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\end{array}\right)\text{使}{P}^{-1}AP=\Lambda =\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 3\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow A^n=P{\Lambda }^n{P}^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& -1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 3^n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\\ -\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& -3^n\\ 1& 3^n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\\ -\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+3^n& 1-3^n\\ 1-3^n& 1+3^n\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

6、试求一个正交的相似变换矩阵，将下列对称矩阵转化为对角阵；
（1）$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& -2& 0\\ -2& 1& -2\\ 0& -2& 0\end{array}\right)$；（2）$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 2& -2\\ 2& 5& -4\\ -2& -4& 5\end{array}\right)$

解：（1）
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}2-\lambda & -2& 0\\ -2& 1-\lambda & -2\\ 0& -2& -\lambda \end{array}\right|=(1-\lambda )(\lambda -4)(\lambda +2) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1=1,={\lambda }_2=4,{\lambda }_3=-2 \\ {\lambda }_i\text{不相等}\Rightarrow \text{特征向量线性无关，只需单位化} \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1=1$时，
$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -2& 0\\ -2& 0& -2\\ 0& -2& -1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -2& 0\\ 0& -4& -2\\ 0& -2& -1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -2& 0\\ 0& 1& \frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& \frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -\frac{1}{2}\\ 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_1=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}-2\\ -1\\ 2\end{array}\right)$$

2）${\lambda }_2=4$时，
$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-2& -2& 0\\ -2& -3& -2\\ 0& -2& -4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 0\\ 0& -1& -2\\ 0& -2& -4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 0\\ 0& 1& 2\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -2\\ 0& 1& 2\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ -2\\ 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_2=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ -2\\ 1\end{array}\right)$$

3）${\lambda }_3=-2$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}4& -2& 0\\ -2& 3& -2\\ 0& -2& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& -1& 0\\ 0& 2& -2\\ 0& -2& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& -1& 0\\ 0& 1& -1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 0& -1\\ 0& 1& -1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -\frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 1& -1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 2\\ 2\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_3=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 2\\ 2\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow P=(p_1,p_2,p_3)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-\frac{2}{3}& \frac{2}{3}& \frac{1}{3}\\ -\frac{1}{3}& -\frac{2}{3}& \frac{2}{3}\\ \frac{2}{3}& \frac{1}{3}& \frac{2}{3}\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-2& 2& 1\\ -1& -2& 2\\ 2& 1& 2\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow P^{-1}AP=P^{T}AP=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 4& 0\\ 0& 0& -2\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

（2）
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}2-\lambda & 2& -2\\ 2& 5-\lambda & -4\\ -2& -4& 5-\lambda \end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}2-\lambda & 2& -2\\ 0& 1-\lambda & 1-\lambda \\ -2& -4& 5-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(1-\lambda )(\lambda -1)(\lambda -10) \\ \Rightarrow {\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1,{\lambda }_3=10 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=1$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& -2\\ 2& 4& -4\\ -2& -4& 4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& -2\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-2\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),{\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{正交化}{\eta }_1={\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-2\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right) \\ {\eta }_2={\xi }_2-\frac{[{\eta }_1,{\xi }_2]}{[{\eta }_1.{\eta }_1]}\cdot {\eta }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)-\frac{-4}{4+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}-2\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{5}\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 4\\ 5\end{array}\right) \\ \text{单位化}{p}_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-2\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),p_2=\frac{1}{3\sqrt{5}}\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 4\\ 5\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

2）${\lambda }_3=10$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-8& 2& -2\\ 2& -5& -4\\ -2& -4& -5\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-4& 1& -1\\ 2& -5& -4\\ 0& -9& -9\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& -9& -9\\ 2& -5& -4\\ 0& 1& 1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& -5& -4\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& \frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -2\\ 2\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_3=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -2\\ 2\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow P=(p_1,p_2,p_3)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}& \frac{2}{3\sqrt{5}}& -\frac{1}{3}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}& \frac{4}{3\sqrt{5}}& -\frac{2}{3}\\ 0& \frac{5}{3\sqrt{5}}& \frac{2}{3}\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow P^{-1}AP=P^{T}AP=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 10\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

7、设矩阵$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -2& -4\\ -2& x& -2\\ -4& -2& 1\end{array}\right)$与$\Lambda =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}5& 0& 0\\ 0& -4& 0\\ 0& 0& y\end{array}\right)$相似，求$x,y$；求一个正交矩阵$P$，使$P^{-1}AP=\Lambda$。

解：${\lambda }_1+{\lambda }_2+{\lambda }_3=1+x+1=1+y=2+x\Rightarrow y=1+x$
$$\begin{gathered} \lambda =-4,5,y \\ \Rightarrow |A-\lambda E|=|A+4E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}5& -2& -4\\ -2& x+4& -2\\ -4& -2& 5\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}5& -2& -4\\ -2& x+4& -2\\ -9& 0& 9\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}1& -2& -4\\ -4& x+4& -2\\ 0& 0& 9\end{array}\right|=9\left|\begin{array}{cc}1& -2\\ -4& x+4\end{array}\right|=9(x-4) \\ \Rightarrow x=4,y=5 \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1=-4$时，
$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}5& -2& -4\\ -2& 8& -2\\ -4& -2& 5\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -4& 1\\ 5& -2& -4\\ -4& -2& 5\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -4& 1\\ 0& 18& -9\\ 0& -18& 9\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -4& 1\\ 0& 2& -1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -1\\ 0& 1& -\frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 1\\ 2\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_1=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 1\\ 2\end{array}\right)$$

2）${\lambda }_2={\lambda }_3=5$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-4& -2& -4\\ -2& -1& -2\\ -4& -2& -4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 1& 2\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& \frac{1}{2}& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)]\Rightarrow {\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 2\\ 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{正交化}{\eta }_2={\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 2\\ 0\end{array}\right), \\ {\eta }_3={\xi }_3-\frac{[{\eta }_2,{\xi }_3]}{[{\eta }_2,{\eta }_2]}\cdot {\eta }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)-\frac{1}{1+4}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 2\\ 0\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{5}\left(\begin{array}{c}-4\\ -2\\ 5\end{array}\right) \\ \text{单位化}{p}_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 2\\ 0\end{array}\right),p_3=\frac{1}{3\sqrt{5}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-4\\ -2\\ 5\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow P=(p_1,p_2,p_3)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}& \frac{2}{3}& -\frac{4}{3\sqrt{5}}\\ \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}& \frac{1}{3}& -\frac{2}{3\sqrt{5}}\\ 0& \frac{2}{3}& \frac{5}{3\sqrt{5}}\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$