两点/伯努利分布
X
∼
B
e
r
n
o
u
l
l
i
(
p
)
X\sim Bernoulli(p)
X∼Bernoulli(p)
0
<
p
<
1
0<p<1
0<p<1
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
p
k
(
1
−
p
)
1
−
k
k
=
0
,
1
P(X=k)=p^k(1-p)^{1-k}\\k=0,1
P(X=k)=pk(1−p)1−kk=0,1
p
p
p
p
(
1
−
p
)
p(1-p)
p(1−p)
二项分布
X
∼
B
(
n
,
p
)
X\sim B(n,p)
X∼B(n,p)
0
<
p
<
1
n
≥
1
整
数
0<p<1\\n\geq1整数
0<p<1n≥1整数
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
C
n
k
p
k
(
1
−
p
)
n
−
k
k
=
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
n
P(X=k)=C_n^kp^k(1-p)^{n-k}\\k=0,1,...,n
P(X=k)=Cnkpk(1−p)n−kk=0,1,...,n
n
p
np
np
n
p
(
1
−
p
)
np(1-p)
np(1−p)
泊松分布
X
∼
P
(
λ
)
X\sim P(\lambda)
X∼P(λ)
λ
>
0
\lambda>0
λ>0
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
λ
k
k
!
e
−
λ
k
=
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
P(X=k)=\frac{\lambda^k}{k!}e^{-\lambda}\\k=0,1,...
P(X=k)=k!λke−λk=0,1,...
λ
\lambda
λ
λ
\lambda
λ
几何分布
X
∼
G
(
p
)
X\sim G(p)
X∼G(p)
0
<
p
<
1
0<p<1
0<p<1
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
(
1
−
p
)
k
−
1
p
k
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
P(X=k)=(1-p)^{k-1}p\\k=1,2,...
P(X=k)=(1−p)k−1pk=1,2,...
1
p
\frac{1}{p}
p1
1
−
p
p
2
\frac{1-p}{p^2}
p21−p
超几何分布
X
∼
H
(
N
,
M
,
n
)
X\sim H(N,M,n)
X∼H(N,M,n)
M
≤
N
,
n
≤
N
M\leq N,n\leq N
M≤N,n≤N整数
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
C
M
k
C
N
−
M
n
−
k
C
N
n
k
=
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
min
(
M
,
N
)
P(X=k)=\frac{C_M^kC_{N-M}^{n-k}}{C_N^n}\\k=0,1,...,\min(M,N)
P(X=k)=CNnCMkCN−Mn−kk=0,1,...,min(M,N)
n
M
N
\frac{nM}{N}
NnM
n
M
N
(
1
−
M
N
)
N
−
n
N
−
1
\frac{nM}{N}(1-\frac{M}{N})\frac{N-n}{N-1}
NnM(1−NM)N−1N−n
帕斯卡分布
X
∼
B
0
(
r
,
p
)
X\sim B_0(r,p)
X∼B0(r,p)
0
<
p
<
1
r
≥
1
整
数
0<p<1\\r\geq1整数
0<p<1r≥1整数
P
(
X
=
k
)
=
C
k
−
1
r
−
1
p
r
(
1
−
p
)
k
−
r
k
=
r
,
r
+
1
,
.
.
.
P(X=k)=C_{k-1}^{r-1}p^r(1-p)^{k-r}\\k=r,r+1,...
P(X=k)=Ck−1r−1pr(1−p)k−rk=r,r+1,...
r
p
\frac{r}{p}
pr
r
(
1
−
p
)
p
2
\frac{r(1-p)}{p^2}
p2r(1−p)
常见连续概率分布
分布
参数范围
密度函数
期望
方差
柯西分布
λ
>
0
,
μ
常
数
\lambda>0,\mu常数
λ>0,μ常数
p
(
x
)
=
1
π
λ
λ
2
+
(
x
−
μ
)
2
−
∞
<
x
<
+
∞
p(x)=\frac{1}{\pi}\frac{\lambda}{\lambda^2+(x-\mu)^2}\\-\infty<x<+\infty
p(x)=π1λ2+(x−μ)2λ−∞<x<+∞
不存在
不存在
均匀分布
X
∼
U
[
a
,
b
]
X\sim U[a,b]
X∼U[a,b]
a
<
b
a<b
a<b常数
p
(
x
)
=
{
1
b
−
a
,
a
≤
x
≤
b
0
,
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
p(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{b-a},a\leq x\leq b\\0,\quad otherwise\end{cases}
p(x)={b−a1,a≤x≤b0,otherwise
a
+
b
2
\frac{a+b}{2}
2a+b
(
b
−
a
)
2
12
\frac{(b-a)^2}{12}
12(b−a)2
指数分布
X
∼
E
(
λ
)
X\sim E(\lambda)
X∼E(λ)
λ
>
0
\lambda>0
λ>0常数
p
(
x
)
=
{
λ
e
−
λ
x
,
x
≥
0
0
,
x
<
0
p(x)=\begin{cases}\lambda e^{-\lambda x},x\geq0\\0,\qquad x<0\end{cases}
p(x)={λe−λx,x≥00,x<0
p
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
σ
e
x
p
{
−
(
x
−
μ
)
2
2
σ
2
}
−
∞
<
x
<
+
∞
p(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}exp\{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\}\\-\infty<x<+\infty
p(x)=2πσ1exp{−2σ2(x−μ)2}−∞<x<+∞
μ
\mu
μ
σ
2
\sigma^2
σ2
χ
2
\chi^2
χ2分布
X
∼
χ
2
(
n
)
X\sim \chi^2(n)
X∼χ2(n)
n
n
n正整数
p
(
x
)
=
{
1
2
n
/
2
Γ
(
n
2
)
x
n
2
−
1
e
−
x
/
2
,
x
≥
0
0
,
x
<
0
p(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{2^{n/2}\Gamma(\frac{n}{2})}x^{\frac{n}{2}-1}e^{-x/2},x\geq0\\0,\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad x<0\end{cases}
p(x)={2n/2Γ(2n)1x2n−1e−x/2,x≥00,x<0
n
n
n
2
n
2n
2n
Γ
\Gamma
Γ分布
X
∼
Γ
(
λ
,
r
)
X\sim\Gamma(\lambda,r)
X∼Γ(λ,r)
r
>
0
,
λ
>
0
r>0,\lambda>0
r>0,λ>0常数
p
(
x
)
=
{
λ
r
Γ
(
r
)
x
r
−
1
e
−
λ
x
,
x
≥
0
0
,
x
<
0
p(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{\lambda^r}{\Gamma(r)} x^{r-1}e^{-\lambda x},x\geq0\\0,\qquad\qquad\qquad x<0\end{cases}
p(x)={Γ(r)λrxr−1e−λx,x≥00,x<0
r
λ
\frac{r}{\lambda}
λr
r
λ
2
\frac{r}{\lambda^2}
λ2r
t
t
t分布
t
(
n
)
t(n)
t(n)
n
n
n正整数
p
(
x
)
=
Γ
(
n
+
1
2
)
n
π
Γ
(
n
2
)
(
1
+
x
2
n
)
−
(
n
+
1
)
/
2
−
∞
<
x
<
+
∞
p(x)=\frac{\Gamma(\frac{n+1}{2})}{\sqrt{n\pi}\Gamma(\frac{n}{2})}(1+\frac{x^2}{n})^{-(n+1)/2}\\-\infty<x<+\infty
p(x)=nπΓ(2n)Γ(2n+1)(1+nx2)−(n+1)/2−∞<x<+∞
0
(
n
>
1
)
0(n>1)
0(n>1)
n
n
−
2
(
n
>
2
)
\frac{n}{n-2}(n>2)
n−2n(n>2)
β
\beta
β分布
X
∼
β
(
p
,
q
)
X\sim \beta(p,q)
X∼β(p,q)
p
>
0
,
q
>
0
p>0,q>0
p>0,q>0常数
p
(
x
)
=
{
Γ
(
p
+
q
)
Γ
(
p
)
Γ
(
q
)
x
p
−
1
(
1
−
x
)
q
−
1
,
0
<
x
<
1
0
,
x
≤
0
x
≥
1
p(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{\Gamma(p+q)}{\Gamma(p)\Gamma(q)}x^{p-1}(1-x)^{q-1},0<x<1\\0,\qquad\qquad\qquad x\leq0 x\geq1\end{cases}
p(x)={Γ(p)Γ(q)Γ(p+q)xp−1(1−x)q−1,0<x<10,x≤0x≥1
p
p
+
q
\frac{p}{p+q}
p+qp
p
q
(
p
+
q
)
2
(
p
+
q
+
1
)
\frac{pq}{(p+q)^2(p+q+1)}
(p+q)2(p+q+1)pq
F
F
F分布
k
1
,
k
2
k_1,k_2
k1,k2正整数
p
(
x
)
=
{
Γ
(
k
1
+
k
2
2
)
Γ
(
k
1
2
)
Γ
(
k
2
2
)
k
1
k
1
/
2
k
2
k
2
/
2
x
k
1
/
2
−
1
(
k
2
+
k
1
x
)
(
k
1
+
k
2
)
/
2
,
x
≥
0
0
,
x
<
0
p(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{\Gamma(\frac{k_1+k_2}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{k_1}{2})\Gamma(\frac{k_2}{2})}k_1^{k_1/2}k_2^{k_2/2}\frac{x^{k_1/2-1}}{(k_2+k_1x)^{(k_1+k_2)/2}},x\geq0\\0,\qquad\qquad\qquad x<0\end{cases}
p(x)=⎩⎨⎧Γ(2k1)Γ(2k2)Γ(2k1+k2)k1k1/2k2k2/2(k2+k1x)(k1+k2)/2xk1/2−1,x≥00,x<0
k
2
k
2
−
1
(
k
2
>
2
)
\frac{k_2}{k_2-1}\\(k_2>2)
k2−1k2(k2>2)
2
k
2
2
(
k
1
+
k
2
−
2
)
k
1
(
k
2
−
2
)
2
(
k
2
−
4
)
(
k
2
>
4
)
\frac{2k_2^2(k_1+k_2-2)}{k_1(k_2-2)^2(k_2-4)}\\(k_2>4)
k1(k2−2)2(k2−4)2k22(k1+k2−2)(k2>4)