关于泰勒展开

关于泰勒展开

  提醒：本人是一个高一的蒟蒻，没有系统的学习过高等数学，所以本文关于泰勒展开的推导过程会及其不严谨，大家看着就当图个乐。

泰勒展开推导 :

我们设一个函数写成多项式的形式如下：
$$f(x)=a_0+a_{1}x+a_2{x}^2+a_3{x}^3+\cdots +a_n{x}^n$$

$$\therefore f(0)=a_0+a_1\ast 0+a_2\ast 0^2+a_3\ast 0^3+\cdots +a_n\ast 0^n=a_0$$
$$\therefore a_0=f(0)=\frac{f^{(0)}(0)}{0!}$$

$$f(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n{a}_i{x}^i$$

我们对它求一阶导：

$$f^{\prime }(x)=0+a_1+2a_{2}x+3a_3{x}^2+\cdots +n{a}_n{x}^{n-1}$$

$$\therefore f^{\prime }(0)=0+a_1+2a_2\ast 0+3a_3\ast 0^2+\cdots +n{a}_n\ast 0^{n-1}=a_1$$
$$\therefore a_1=f^{\prime }(0)=\frac{f^{(1)}(0)}{1!}$$

$$f^{\prime }(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n(i\times a_i)x^{i-1}$$

我们对它求二阶导：

$$f^{\prime \prime }(x)=0+0+2a_2+6a_{3}x+\cdots +n(n-1)a_n{x}^{n-2}$$

$$\therefore f^{\prime \prime }(0)=0+0+2a_2+6a_3\ast 0+\cdots +n(n-1)a_n\ast 0^{n-2}=2a_2$$
$$\therefore a_2=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(0)}{2}=\frac{f^{(2)}(0)}{2!}$$

$$f^{\prime \prime }(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n[i(i-1)a_i]x^{i-2}$$

我们对它求三阶导：

$$f^{\prime \prime \prime }(x)=0+0+0+6a_3+\cdots +n(n-1)(n-2)a_n{x}^{n-3}$$

$$\therefore f^{\prime \prime \prime }(0)=0+0+0+6a_3+\cdots +n(n-1)(n-2)a_n\ast 0^{n-3}=6a_3$$
$$\therefore a_3=\frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }(0)}{6}=\frac{f^{(3)}(0)}{3!}$$

$$f^{\prime \prime \prime }(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n[i(i-1)(i-2)a_i]x^{i-3}$$

以此类推我们可以得到：

$$\therefore a_n=\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}$$

$$\therefore f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^N\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}{x}^n+Rn(x)$$

推广 :
$$f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^N\frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}(x-a{)}^n+Rn(x)$$

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二级结论 :

$$f(x)=e^x\therefore f^{(n)}(0)=1$$
$$\therefore e^x=\sum _{n=0}^N\frac{x^n}{n!}=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+\cdots$$

$$f(x)=\sin x$$
$$\therefore f^{(4n+1)}(0)=1且f^{(4n+2)}(0)=0且f^{(4n+3)}(0)=-1且f^{(4n+4)}(0)=0$$
$$\therefore sinx=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\frac{x^7}{7!}+\cdots$$

$$f(x)=\cos x$$
$$\therefore f^{(4n+1)}(0)=0且f^{(4n+2)}(0)=-1且f^{(4n+3)}(0)=0且f^{(4n+4)}(0)=1$$
$$\therefore cosx=1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}+\cdots$$

最后一个等号只有在 $\alpha \in N_{+}$ 的时候才成立。
$$f(x)=(1+x{)}^{\alpha }\therefore f^{(n)}(0)=\alpha (\alpha -1)(\alpha -2)\cdots (\alpha -n+1)=\prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(\alpha -i)=A_{\alpha }^n$$
$$\therefore (1+x{)}^{\alpha }=1+\alpha x+\frac{\alpha (\alpha -1)}{2!}{x}^2+\frac{\alpha (\alpha -1)(\alpha -2)}{3!}{x}^3+\cdots$$

$$f(x)=(a+x{)}^{\alpha }\therefore f^{(n)}(0)=\alpha (\alpha -1)(\alpha -2)\cdots (\alpha -n+1)a^{\alpha -n}=[\prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(\alpha -i)]\times a^{\alpha -n}=A_{\alpha }^n\times a^{\alpha -n}$$

$$\therefore (a+x{)}^{\alpha }=a^{\alpha }+\alpha a^{\alpha -1}x+\frac{\alpha (\alpha -1)a^{\alpha -2}}{2!}{x}^2+\frac{\alpha (\alpha -1)(\alpha -2)a^{\alpha -3}}{3!}{x}^3+\cdots$$

$$f(x)=\frac{1}{1-x}\therefore f^{(n)}(0)=n!$$

$$\therefore f(x)=1+x+x^2+x^3+x^4+\cdots$$

关于欧拉公式:

  引入 $i=\sqrt{-1}$
$$\therefore i^1=i且i^2=-1且i^3=-i且i^4=1$$
$$\therefore i^{4n+1}=i且i^{4n+2}=-1且i^{4n+3}=-i且i^{4n+4}=1(其中n\in Z)$$
$$\because e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}+\cdots$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}\therefore e^{ix}=& 1+ix+\frac{(ix{)}^2}{2!}+\frac{(ix{)}^3}{3!}+\frac{(ix{)}^4}{4!}+\frac{(ix{)}^5}{5!}+\cdots \\ =& 1+ix-\frac{x^2}{2!}-\frac{i{x}^3}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+\frac{i{x}^5}{5!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}-\frac{i{x}^7}{7!}+\cdots \\ =& (1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}+\cdots )+(ix-\frac{i{x}^3}{3!}+\frac{i{x}^5}{5!}-\frac{i{x}^7}{7!}+\cdots )\\ =& (1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}+\cdots )+i(x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\frac{x^7}{7!}+\cdots )\\ =& \cos x+i\sin x\end{array}$$

$$\therefore e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x$$

       当 $x=\pi$ 时:

$$e^{i\pi }=\cos \pi +i\sin \pi =-1$$
$$\therefore e^{i\pi }+1=0$$