语态句法语法~~

 1.被动语态

1.1被动语态的含义和主动语态的含义

被动语态：主语是动作的承受者的语态

主动：主语是动作发出者的语态

1.2被动语态的结构

be+done（过去分词)         be变(根据时态变) +done(不变)

1.3各种时态的被动语态

时态	被动时态
一般现在时	is/am/are + done
一般过去时	was/were + done
一般将来时	will、be going to +be   +done
过去将来时	would be+ done
现在进行时	is/am/are+being  +done
过去进行时	was/were being +done
现在完成时	have/has been + done
过去完成时	had been +done
将来完成时	will/shall have been done
过去将来完成时	would/should have been done
情态动词	情态动词+be +done

1.4主动变被动

1.I made a cake.

A cake was made by me.

1.找 ：找主语和宾语

2.换：主语和宾语调换位置

3.改：动词改成be+done的正确形式

4加：加上by

2.We often sing this song (改为被动语态)

This song is often sung by us.

3.She will sell her house soon. (改为被动语态)

Her house will be sold soon by her.

1.5特殊考点

1.5.1双宾语的被动语态

双宾语的被动语态
Alex gave me a cake yesterday.	I was given a cake by Alex yesterday.  A cake was given to me by Alex yesterday.
Lisa bought me a fantastic book	I was bought an fantastic book by Lisa. An fantastic book was bought for me by Lisa.

双宾语的句子变被动语态时，sth作主语时，后面要还原介词to/for

give sb sth = give sth to sb	pass sb sth=pass sth to sb
send sb sth =send sth to sb	show sb sth=show show sth to sb
buy sb sth = buy sth for sb	cook sb sth = cook sth for sb
make sb sth=make sth for sb

1.My friend sent me a toy at Christmas

I was sent a toy by my friend at christmas.

A toy was sent to me by my friend at chrismas.

2.My friend bought me a toy at christmas.

I was bought a toy by my friend at christmas.

A toy was bought for me by my friend at christmas.

 1.5.2 感官使役动词的被动语态

1.I often see the girl draw pictures by the river.

The girl is often seen to draw pictures by the river by me. 

2. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.

The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 

口诀： 感官使役真奇怪，to在句中像妖怪，主动句里它走开，被动句里它回来

1.5.3无被动语态的几种情况

1.不及物动词 die，come，arrive，agree

2.三发生 happen，take place，occur

3.感官系动词 ：look，sound，taste，smell，feel

4.表事物本身性质的词：write，sell，ride，break，out

2.特殊疑问句

2.1定义

以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子

Tom danced with a bear last night.

Who danced with a bear last night?

What did  Tom do last night?

Who did Tom dance with last night?

When did Tom dance with a bear?

2.2常用的疑问词

What、who、whose、which、when、where、why、how

2.3语序

1.对主语或主语的定语提问

疑问词（+主语）+谓语动词+其他成分

Who（主语） looks like a real superman？

Whose（定语） dog（主语） is it？

2.对非主语（其他）提问

疑问词  一般疑问句语序?

What     are they doing？

Why        did he stand here？

2.4特殊疑问词的区别

1.How many & How mush

How many flowers are there in the vase？

How much milk did you have？

How much is the computer？

问数量：how many + 可数名词（复数）

           ：how much +不可数名词

问价格：how much

 2.How often & how soon & how long & how far

How often 多久一次  提问的句子，常用频度词来回答

How often do you go abroad? —— Once a month.

how soon 多久之后提问的句子，常用in+一段时间回答

How soon can you come?   ——In 2 months.

how long 多久提问的句子，常用since+点时间或for+段时间回答

How long have you learnt English ? ——For four years.

how far 多远提问的句子 ， 常用1. it's + 一段时间’s +走一类的动词

                                                   2. it's + 距离回答

How far is it our school to the park? —— About half an hour's walk.

3.反意疑问词

3.1含义

指问话人对自己的看法，观点不完全肯定，需要别人来加以证实

3.2构成

陈述句，be/助/情态(肯定/否定) + 代词？

This design is quite interesting ， isn't it？

3.3原则

前肯后否，前否后肯

She was angry，wasn't she？

He doesn't have any money ， does he？

3.4特殊用法

1.当陈述部分主语是

to   do、V-ing、从句、this、that、everything、anything、nothing、etc

疑问句部分用it

This is cool ， isn't it？

2.当陈述部分主语是 those，these，nobody，no one 等不定代词

疑问句部分主语常用they

Nobody  likes to be laughed at ， do they？

3.当陈述部分主语是 there be 结构

疑问句部分主语用：be there（将来时用will there）

There are lots of corns in its mouth，aren't there？ 

4.have 相关的反义疑问句：

1.陈述句部分谓语动词为have to（不得不），以及have作实义动词（吃、玩、度过)等

疑问部分常用do，does，did。

They had a nice time，didn't they？

2.have表所有时

其疑问句部分可以用have，也可以用do 、does、did。

Jim has a new radio，doesn't、hasn't   he？

3.have 做助动词时

疑问部分常用have的相应形式

He has been shocked，hasn't he？

5.陈述句部分有no，not，never，hardly，few，little，nobody等否定意义的词

疑问部分：前否后肯

注意：陈述句含否定前缀、后缀的词（unfair、unhappy、careless、impossible、etc.)

疑问部分：——>前肯后否

It is unfair, isn't it?

There are few apples in the basket，are there？

6.I am 之后的反意疑问句用aren't I

I am a good student，aren't I ？

3.5祈使句的反意疑问句

陈述句部分	简短的疑问句	例句
肯定	will you、won’t you	Come to school early next time，will you？
否定	will you	Don't shout at you sister，will you？
Let's	shall we	Let's go，shall we？ （包括听话人在内)
Let us	will you	Let  us go now，will we？ （不包括听话人在内)

3.6反意疑问句特殊用法

1.陈述句部分：当主语动词表推测：think，believe，guess，suppose时

疑问句部分：一从二三主  当主语是第一人称否定转移到从句，二三不变

I don't think   (he can read the book)宾从, can he ?

Mary thinks (you will come to the meeting), doesn't she？

2.感叹句主谓居后

What a crazy dog it is, isn't it?

How seriously he reads，doesn't he？

3.7反意疑问句的回答

原则：实事求是

方法：把反意疑问句变成一般疑问句进行回答。

There isn't a computer in your room，is there？

变为：There is a computer in your room.

有——>Yes ，there is.

没有——> No , there isn't.

4.祈使句

4.1定义

 说话人对对方的叮嘱、劝告、请求或命令等 

Stop running!    Be quiet!   Go to Bed!     Let't do exercise!

· 祈使句省主语。主语you常省去

· 动词原形谓语当，句首加Don't否定变

·朗读应当用降调，句末常标感叹号

4.2结构

4.2.1祈使句之——肯定句

肯定	Do 型（以动词原形开头)	Sit down!   Stand up!
	Be型（以be开头)	Be quiet!
	Let型 (以Let开头)	Let me help you. Let's go to school.

4.2.2祈使句之——否定句

1.  祈使句的否定结构是以Don't+动词原形开头

Don't talk，please.

Don't be late.

What shouldn't the students do in class?

2. Let't 型祈使句，其否定式为：Let's not…… 、Don't  let……

Let's not have a rest.

Don't let him play computer games.    

The exam is  coming .  What should we do?

3.有些特殊形式的祈使句用no否定，no否定后多是名词或（v-ing)

 No photos!   

No smoking!

What shouldn't you do in public？

4.2.3特殊句型

1.祈使句+and+结构的陈述句（用将来时，and表顺承关系)

Hurry up and you'll catch the train =   if you hurry up , you'll catch the train.

2.祈使句+or（else)+结果的陈述句

Hurry up，or you‘ll miss the train.  =  if you don't hurry up, you'll miss the train

此时祈使句相当一个if引导的条件状语从句

4.3常见祈使句型

祈使句除用谓语动词使用外，还用名词，形容词，副词等

Go ahead！	朝前走；去做吧！(鼓励对方做某事)
Take your time!	别急
Take it easy!	别着急
Pardon me?	对不起，请再说一遍
Don't mention it！	不用客气！(对别人感谢的回答)
Help!	救命；帮帮我
Careful!	小心
Quickly！	快点
Hands up	举起手来

5.感叹句

5.1定义

用来表达人的强烈特殊情感的句子

5.2结构

5.2.1 How引导的感叹句

How +adj.+主语+谓语

How+adv.+主语+谓语 

How big the pig is！

How strange the monkeys are！

How handsome the mond is！

5.2.2 What引导的感叹句

What+a/an+adj.+n单+主+谓语!

What + adj.+n复+主+谓语！

What+adj.+n不可数+主+谓语!

What a big pig it is！

What strange monkeys they are！

What a handsome monk he is！

5.3做题方法

1.找主语和谓语

2.划掉主语和动词（没有主谓等于划掉)

如果前面只剩下adj/adv就用How

如果前面剩下有n就用what/what a/an

6.句子成分分析

6.1句子结构分析

6.1.1主语&谓语

主语：句子中说明的人或事物。

谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

1.我的播放列标告诉你我的故事

My playlist 主 can tell 谓       you the story of my life.

2. 我们想知道我们会成为什么样的人。 

We wonder  what kind of person we will be.

3.历史中，百年不过转瞬。

One hundred years palys a small role in history. 

6.1.2宾语

动宾：动作的承受着

介宾：介词后的名词、代词和动名词

双宾语：即间接宾语（指人)和直接宾语(指物)

1.语言有力量，上帝听的见

Words have power  and God has ears.  动宾

2.伏地魔回来了，你怕他吗？

Lord Voldemort is back. Are you afraid of him？ 介宾

3.陈光标给了那个穷人一些钱。

双宾

一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后

Mr. Chen gave the poor man 间接宾语  some  money 直接宾语 

当直接宾语为代词或间接宾语较长时

1.Give it to me   直接宾语为人称代词，通常不能放后面

2.Give the book to the student who has no money to buy one.

此时间接宾语前需要加介词to或者for，也可以加with

verb+sb.+sth=verb+sth.+to+sb   强调空间关系 a到b的移动

She gives me the pen = She gave the pen to me.

间接宾语放后面时其前面要加 to 的常见动词有
award sb. sth.= award sth to sb	颁奖给某人
bring sb. sth.= bring sth to sb	把某物带给某人
hand sb. sth.= hand sth to sb	把某物递给某人
lend sb. sth.= lend sth to sb	把某物借给某人
mail sb. sth.= mail sth to sb	把某物寄给某人
offer sb. sth.= offer sth to sb	把某物给某人

verb+sb. +sth=verb+sth+for+sb  强调动作是 为了谁

I drew you this picture. = I drew this picture for you.

间接宾语放后面时其前面要加 for 的常见动词有
book sb.sth=book sth for sb	为某人预定某物
buy sb.sth=buy sth for sb	为某人买某物
choose sb.sth=choose sth for sb	为某人选某物
cook sb.sth=cook  sth for sb	为某人煮某物
draw sb.sth=draw sth for sb	为某人画某物
fetch sb.sth=fetch sth for sb	为某人取某物

verb+sb.+sth=verb+sth+of+sb       表示所属关系 直接

It's an environment where more and more is being asked of employees  

在新的环境下，员工被要求的越来越多

The question was once asked of a highly successful businessman.

曾经有人问一个非常成功的商人这个问题

6.1.3宾补&主补

宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，同时一起构成复合宾语

宾语补足语构成：名词，非谓语动词，介词短语，形容词副词

宾补：对宾语的补充说明。

主补：对主语的补充说明

1.我们选了简担任我们的班长。

We elected Jane our monitor.  宾补

2.简被选为我们的班长。

Jane was elected our monitor 主补

6.1.4系语&表语

系语

表语：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征

表语构成:名词、形容词、短语、从句、相当于名词，形容词的词

动名词作表语和现在进行时的区别

动名词：说明主语的职责和功能 == 主语

现在分词：动作正在进行

Mummy Pig's job is writing.

Mummy Pig is writing

除系动词be之外，还有一些动词即可做系动词也可做实义动词，称为半系动词

系动词：不能单独做谓语，要和表语一起做谓语

系动词分为：be动词和动词(半系动词:系动词、实义动词)

系动词判断方法

1. 用系动词be来替换句中的动词，意思变化不大则为系动词，反之则为实义动词

1.She looks beautiful. She is beautiful 系动词

2.He looked at me. 实义动词

状态系动词：be(am,is,are,was,were,been)

表象系动词:  look,seem,appear

持续系动词：keep，stay，remain

感官系动词：look，sound，taste，smell，feel

变化系动词：turn，go，become，get ，fall，grow

终止系动词：prove turn, out等 表证实，变成

His plan turned out a success.

+adj 做表语

1.有些我们希望发生的事情，一旦发生也不得不接受

There are(系动词) things that we don't want to happen but have to accept.  状态系动词

2.对于认识他们的所有人来说，他们看上去都是理想的一对儿。

To everyone who knew them, they  seemed an ideal couple  表象系动词

3.关于他的工作，主要问题还有待回答。

Major questions remain to be answered about his work.   持续系动词

4.这批萨不放奶酪尝起来很好吃。

The pizza tastes delicious without  any cheese at  all.  感官系动词

5.他决心30岁前攒够百万美元。

It was his ambition to accumulate a million dollars before he turned thirty

6.1.5定语

隔离定语:有时后置的定语并不紧接所修饰的名词，这种定语叫做隔离定语

1.Here an accident      happened    of a very extraordinary kind.

2.We build these expectantions     in our heads of    what other people shoulde do.

定语修饰被in our heads of 所隔离

限制性定语与非限制定语

限制性定语:对其所修饰的名词来说是必不可缺的定语，叫做限制性定语，不能逗号隔开。

1.The author  of this book  died young

2.The managers present at the meeting were opposed to the proposal.

非限制定语从句: 若定语对其所修饰的名词通常只是一种补充说明，并非是必不可缺的定语叫非限制性定语，要用逗号隔开.

3.The man , cruel beyond belief, treated his wife badly.

4.Chen Hui , only  130 centimeters tall, won her third gold yesterday

名词作定语:many apple trees  a man docor

短语或句子做定语要后置

定语的位置一般比较固定，当单词做定语时常放于所修饰的名词之前；短语或从句做定语时常放于所修饰的名词之后

 a happy pig

a pig that is full of happiness

用and或or连接的两个形容词做定语时，需后置

1.Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.

2.Every book, new or old, should be put in the room.

3.All people, yound and old ,went there.

单个词做定语要后置的几种情况

1.副词做定语一般要后置

一.People there are very friendly. 

二.He didn't like the man downstairs

三.There is no way out.

2.当形容词修饰有every,some,any,no+body,one thing,等构成的复合不定代词时须后置

一.Have you ever met anyone famous?

二.He did everything possible to help us. 他做了可能做的一切事情来帮助我们

3.形容词else常位于不定代词或疑问代词后作定语

一.What else did they say? 他们还说了什么？

二.You can ask somebody else. 你可以去问其他人

4.形容词responsible的用法

 可信赖的，可靠的 前置定语

 有责任的，应负责的  后置定语

一.He is a responsible man. 他是一个有责任心的人

二.The man responsible should be their manager  有责任的人应该是他们的经理

5形容词present的用法

  现在的 ，目前的 前置定语

  出席的，在场的  后置定语

一.What is your present address? 

二.His story touched all the people present. 他的故事感动了在场的所有人

6.部分以a开头的表语形容词,如：alive，alike,alone,awake 等词的用法

做定语时置于被修饰的名词之后

一.She was the only person awake at that night.

二.You are the happiest children alive

三.You alone should determine what is right for you  由你自己决定什么适合你

修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子

1.她是个被深爱的新娘。

She is a beloved 名词 bride.

2.怀里抱着小孩的那位妇女是个人贩子。

The woman with a baby in her arms 介词短语 is a trader in human beings.

3.我做什么，你做什么。

You should do everything    that I do 句子.

6.1.6状语

用来修饰v./adj./adv/句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。

成分:副词及副词词组、介词短语、非谓语动词、名词、从句

Where there  is a will , there is a way. 有志者，事竞成

1. I will go there （tomorrow）.  时间

2. The meeting will be held （in the meeting room）.  地点

3. The meat went bad （because of the hot weather）. 原因

4. He studies hard （to learn English well）. 目的

5.He didn’t study hard  (so that he failed in the exam). 结果

6.I like some of you   (very much).   程度

7.(if you study hard),you will pass the exam. 条件

8.He goes to school  (by bike). 方式

9.(Though he is young), he can do it well. 让步

状语的位置

1.并列状语的先后顺序:方式——地点——时间

He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment

2.英语中时间状语，地点状语的排列一般是从小到大

He lives at 1120 Green Street, London

The books lie on the table in the library. 

I invited him to watch a movie at 5 pm, on Thursday,Augest 28th,2015

我邀请他在2015年8月28星期四下午5点看电影

3.频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never的位置

这些词要放在情态动词，系动词，组动词之后，实义动词之前.

You can never tell what he will do

He is always helping others.

He often came late.

 6.1.7补充

能做主语和宾语的有:名词代词和数字其中名词和代词比较常见

动词，形容词，副词，感叹词，介词，冠词和连词一般不能充当

there be 与have 的区别

there be 表示某地有某物，某时有某事

have 表示某人拥有某物

1.There is a ball under the bed.

2.There will be a meeting tonight.

3.He has a lovely dog.

there seem/happen/used to be 及there live/lie/stand句型的否定句和疑问句的变法

There  seems to be something wrong, doesn't there?

there be 句型中的there可以看出形式主语 

1.I don't want there to be any misundertanding.

there是be的逻辑主语，there和be一起还表示有

2.It's impossible for there to be a happier family.

这里there是be的逻辑主语，there和be一起还译为  有

6.2复合句 

	从句类型	例句
1	主语从句	What he did made his mother angry.
2	宾语从句	Parents shouldn't give their children whatever they want.
3	表语从句	This is because you are too careless.
4	同位语从句	The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
5	定语从句	A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.
6	状语从句	Check all your answers before you turn in your papers.

6.3五种句子句型

句子分类:  主谓 SV 、主谓宾 SVO 、 主谓双宾 SVoO 、 主谓宾补 SVOC、主系表 SVP

6.3.1主谓

1.Dark clouds hung overhead

2.Gradually a smile appeared on her face.

3.He is smiling all over his face.

4.I did well in English.

5.He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday.

6.The bus stopped suddenly.

7.He is leaving tomorrow.

8.Something terrible happened yesterday.

6.3.2主谓宾

1.People all over the world speak English.

2.Jim cannot dress himself.

3.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.

4.He did not know what to say.

5.He just wanted to stay at home.

6.He practises speaking English every day.

7.They will stop working at eleven.

8.He is having supper at home now.

6.3.3主谓双宾

1.She ordered herself a new dress.

2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.

3.He brought you a dictionary

4.He denies her nothing.

5.I showed him my pictures.

6.I gave my car a wash.

7.I told him that the bus was late.

8.He showed me how to run the machine.

6.3.4主谓宾+宾补

1.I asked him to come on time

2.We saw her entering the room

3.He kept his hands behind his back.

4.He cut the box open.

5.Let the fresh air in.

6.The manager wanted the work done on time.

7.His father named him Dongming.

8.They painted their boat white.

6.3.5主系表

1.Our English teacher is an American.

2.The story sounds interesting.

3.The weather has turned cold.

4.The speech is exciting.

5.His job is to teach English.

6.The truth is that he has never been abroad.

    

7.宾语从句

7.1定义

句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句

动词、介词、形容词后+宾语从句

7.2宾语从句的引导词

从句	引导词	引导词是否可省略	引导词是否做成分	语序
陈述句	that	√	×	陈述语序
一般疑问句 选择疑问句	if whether	×	×	陈述语序
特殊疑问句	wh—— h——	×	有缺失的部分 就相应的补充	陈述语序

The  pleasant goat thinks that he 主  studies谓 hard.

 The big wolf asks  if  you  like eating  goats.

 The big wolf asks  whether  you  like eating  goats or wolves.  

I like kicking the big big wolf.  What do you like doing?

The pleasant goat asks what you like doing

7.3宾语从句的语序问题

通常用陈述语序  引导词后紧跟主语

I don't know who are they ×

I don't know who they are √

7.4宾语从句的时态问题

1.主现从不限

He says she is right  

He says she was right

2.主过从必过

He said she is right  ×

He said she was right √

3.客观真理永一现

He said the earth moved around the sum.×

He said the earth moves around the sum.√

7.5特殊考点

1.只能用whether的情况

口诀：前有介词狼，后又to do 虎；为避免歧义if(是否/如果); discuss后; 加or not。

2.宾语从句和简单句的转换

当主从句主语一致且从句是由wh-/h-引导时，可转换成wh-/h-+to do形式。

注意：主句谓语动词是know，remember，forget，learn等时

She主 doesn't know what she主 should do next.

She doesn't know what to do next.

3.否定前移

当I/we +think 、believe、suppose、guest、expect、imagine、consider等

1.I don't think he is talking with  his wife.   √

我认为他不是在和他妻子说话

2.I think he isn't talking with his wife  ×

写法第一种，翻译第二种

8.状语从句

8.1时间状语从句

定义：完整的句子作时间状语叫做时间状语从句

连接词：

when 当……时候   不限时态  不限动词

The boy was doing his homework when his mother came 瞬间动词 in.

You must be careful when you are crossing延续性动词 the road.

while 当……时候  延续性动词，进行时，强调动作同时发生

They rushed in while we were having延续 a  meeting. 过去进行时

He was watching TV while his sister was play延续 the piano.

as(随着)  

1.主从时态一致

2.作为

3.正如

1.As he grew old, he began to lose interest in cartoons.

2.As a writer, he was famous.  作为

3.When at Rome(罗马) , do as Romans do.  入乡随俗.

before 在……之前   表过去主句had done ； 从句 did

He had finished his homework before he had dinner.

after   在……之后    表过去主句did；从句had done

He had dinner after he had finished his homework.

not ……until 直到……才，主句动词是瞬间动词

I didn't go to bed until my father came back.

until  直到……才，主句动词是延续性动词

I worked until my father came back.

since 自从……  主句have/has  done； 从句 ：did

I have been in Beijing since I was five 

as soon as 一……就 主将从现

8.2条件状语从句

常见连接词：if如果，unless除非，as long as只要    主将从现

We will go to the Great Wall if it doesn't rain tomorrow.

Unless you work hard. you won't pass the exam.

As long as we work together，we will make a better world.   

8.3目的状语从句

常见连接词： so that 以便，为了； in order that 为了；用于句中或句首

I learn English so that I can travel over that world by myself.

I learn English in order that I can travel over that world by myself.

in order that I can travel over that world by myself,I learn English.

8.4结果状语从句

定义：在复合句中表示主句动作所导致结果的状语从句

I played the computer games so late last night that I can't get up this morning .结果状语从句

引导词:

so……that  如此……以至于    so+形容词/副词+that 从句

The apple is so big that I can't eat it up by myself.

such +a/an +adj + 单数可数名词+that 从句

such+adj+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that从句

He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.

They are such lovely girls that all the people like them.

It is such delicious orange juice that I would like to have more.

当名词前面由many/much/little/few 时，要用so. 多多少少还用so

There is so little water that it is not enough for many  people.

There are so many peaches on the tree that the tree is bent.

little 除了少这个意思外，还有小的意思,当little是小的时候，我们还用such.

You are 11 years old, This is so a little bike that you can't ride it. ×

You are 11 years old, This is such a little bike that you can't ride it. √

口诀：名词such形副so，多多少少还用so，little一次有两意，小用such少用so

8.5原因状语从句

定义：在句中用来说明主句原因的句子叫原因状语从句

The traffic is very bad because of the heavy rain. 原因状语没有主谓宾

Jimmy didn't go to school today because he had an accident.  原因状语从句 有主谓宾.

引导词

because 因为 常位于主语 ，表直接原因，语气最强，通常用来回答why提问.

Why were you late for the meeting this morning？

Because my car was broken on the way.

since 既然  一般放于主语之前，表对方已知的理由(“既然”)  语气比because 弱一点

Since you are grown up ，you should not rely on your parents.

as 由于   已知的原因(口语),语气比because 弱很多，位置灵活

As you are tired，you had better have a rest.

for 因为 不说明主句行为发生的直接原因 （并列连词) 补充说明

He seldom goes out now. for he is very old.

8.6让步状语从句

定义：在句中起状语作用，表虽然、尽管、即使等概念的从句。

Although Pool is practicing Kungfu  让步状语从句，he still wants to eat baozi.

引导词

althoug=though 虽然

although / though  不能和but连用

1.Although / Though many people like this film. I haven't seen it even once.

2.Many people like this film，but I haven't seen it even once.

虽然很多人喜欢这部电影，但是我还没有看过

两个句子意思一样

even if =even though 即使

1. The traffic police still have to work even if it snows heavily.

2. The traffic police still have to work even though it sonws heavily.

no matter where=wherever 无论哪里

1. No matter where the thieves went，the owner of the wallet could find them.

2.Wherever the thieves went，the owner of the wallet could find them.

no matter what=whatever	无论什么	no matter who=whoever	无论谁
no matter whom=whomever	无论谁	no matter which	无论哪个
no matter whose=whosever	无论谁的	no matter where=wherever	无论哪里
no matter  when=whenever	无论何时	no matter how = how ever	无论怎样

9.定语从句

9.1定义

用来修饰名词或代词的成分

定语从句 Wendy is a girl who is beautiful.

定语从句两个要素：

先行词 ：被修饰的名词或代词

关系词：1.用来引导定语从句   2.代替先行词在从句中做成分

Wendy is a girl 先行词 who 关系代词 is beautiful

关系代词：1.用来引导状语从句 2.代替先行词在句中做主语/宾语

关系副词：1.用来引导状语从句 2.代替先行词在句中做状语

关系代词
先行词	关系代词	在句中的作用	能否省略
人	who/that	主语/宾语	宾可省，主不可省
	whom/that	宾语	可省
人或物	whose	定语，“……的”	不可省
物	which/that	主语，宾语	宾可省，主不可省
人或物	that	主语，宾语	宾可省，主不可省

He is a clever man who(that)  was elected Preside of the USA.

He is a father whom(that) his daughter is proud of.   his daughter is proud of 介词 +宾语从句his father

He is also a president whose book is very popular. The president‘s 名词所有格，定语 book is very popular.

This is the White House 指物作主语或者宾语 which(that) was built for the president.

关系副词
先行词	关系副词	替换	充当成分	能否省略
day，time，year……	when	介词  on+which	时间状语	不可省
the place，the city，Beijing……	where	介词in+which	地点状语
the reason	why	for which	原因状语

This is the house名词  where Mr. Trump lives.

This is the day when Mr. Trump was elected President of the USA.   on the day 时间状语

This is the reason why Mr. Trump was elected President of the USA. 原因状语

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

类型	意义	结构	关系代词的区别
限定	不完整	不带逗号	可用that
非限定	完整	带逗号	不用that

1.The man 限定 who/that won the election is Mr. Trupm. 

2. Mr. Trump，who graduated form UPenn ，won the election.

口诀：非限逗号，限定不停；逗介之后，that/why不行。

9.2还原大法

做题方法——1确2找3代4定

step1：确定是定语从句

step2：找出被修饰的词

step3：把先行词代入到从句，使从句成为完整的句子

step4：不缺介词  人——who/that/whom(宾)

                             物——which/that

                             ’s——whose

1.Wendy is  a girl who/whom/that  many students like.    many  students like the girl.

2.Beijing is a place which/that many foreigners visit.    many foreigners visit the place.

3.I know the woman whose hat is pink.  The woman‘s hat is pink.

9.3关系代词只用that的情况

1.He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water. 恰

2.He talked about the teachers and school that he visited.  人物

3.All that she lacked was training. 多少

4.This is the only example that I know. 唯一

5.This is  the best dictionary that I've ever used. 最

6.Anything that is useful should be applied. 不定代词

口诀：多少不一，恰人物最虚

1.多少：从少到多  no，none，neither，litter，few，all，much，each，both等

2.不：不定代词 something ，all ，none ，nothing  neither等

3.一：唯一  the one ，the only

4.恰：恰好   the very/the right+先行词

5.人物：先行词中有人又有物

6.最：形容词最高级+先行词

7.虚：序数词+先行词  the first ，the next ，the last+先行词

9.4不用that的情况

关系介词PK关系副词

将先行词代入从句 ：

不缺介词——>关系代词

缺介词——>关系副词 可替换 介词+关系代词

还原大法：

1.This is the hotel where/in which I stayed.        I stayed in the hotel.缺介词

2.This is the hotel which I visited.                       I visited the hotel.  不缺介词

3.I will not forget the day先行词 when/on which I left my hometown .  I left hometown on the day. 缺介词

4.I will not forget the day which I spent in my hometown.  I spent the day in my hometown. 不缺介词

10.区分从句类型

找到连接词/引导词/关系词

1.如果它前面是名词  —— 定语从句

2.如果他前面是动词/介词—— 宾语从句

3.如果它前面没有词或者前面是，——状语从句

1.Wendy is a girl who is beautiful.  名词+定语从句

2.I know that Wendy is a beautiful. 动词+宾语从句

3.If 表条件 you say that Wendy is beautiful，Wendy  will be very happy.

= Wendy will be very happy， if you say that Wendy is beautiful.

11.主谓一致

11.1主谓一致定义

定义：句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致

11.2主谓一致分类

分为：语法一致、就近一致、意义一致。

11.3语法一致

1. A number of +谓语复数； 许多   The number of +谓语单数；……的数量

A number of people are his fans，but the exact number is uncertain.(be)

2.不定代词 somebody，someone，something，anybody，anything，everybody，everyone，everything，nobody，no one，nothing，either，neither，each，the other，another 作主语，谓语动词用单数

Each of us knows the girl.

3.Every A and(every) B;  Each A and(each) B; Either A and(either) B; 作主语时谓语用单数

Every boy and every girl is offered the chance to play the piano.(be)

4.many a …… 许多 和more than one…… 不止一个；作主语时，谓语单数(形式一致)

Many a student likes the teacher very much.(like)
5.书名，电影名，格言，国家，机构，事件，作品等专有名词作主语谓语用单数.

The book The Little Prince is known to us all.(be) 

6.Both 作主语时谓语复数

Both of the young people are very happy.(be)

7.以s结尾的可数名词复数 +复数谓语动词的

Words are very important.

11.4就近一致

1.There be 句型

2.……or……

3.Neither……nor……

4.Either……or……

5Not noly ……but also

1.There are some sharks.(be)

2.Not only daughter but also I am afraid of darkness.(be)

3.Neither dad nor mum is at home today.

4.Either  Mark or Dawn is at the function.

11.5意义一致

1.当主语后面跟有as well as，along with，with，like，together with，but，except，besides，including等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由前面的主语而定.

The teacher，with all his students，is(is/are) going to have a picnic this weekend.(be)

2.时间，金钱，距离，价格，长度，体积，重量，面积，数字等作主语谓语用单数.

One hundred dollars is not enough a metal roof.(be)

3.the+adj.表一类人或the+姓氏复数作主语时谓语复数。

The poor always live in such bad area.(live）

The Greens live in one of those houses.(live)

4.cattle，people，police，clothes作主语时谓语复数  口诀：牛人警察穿衣服

the people are from different peoples民族(be)

5.以s结尾的学科、疾病类单词+谓语动词单数

Physics is very interesting.(be)

Diabetes is very important.(be)

6.当and连接的两个部分是一个整体的时谓语用单数(如fork and knife，bread and butter)

但若连接的是两个不同部分则谓语用复数.

The racing driver and writer is considered a talent.(be)

The racing driver and  the writer are considered a talent.(be)

7.family，group，class，committee等集体名词表示整体时谓语单数；表内部成员时谓语复数

This family is not very big，but the family are very happy.(be)

8.one of the+n.复+从句  谓语用复数

   有 the only 修饰时       谓语用单数

He is one of the students who were(was/were) late for class.

He is the only one of the students who was(was/were) late for class.

9.在(the) A of B句型

当A为名词时，谓语跟A走，当A是数词或代词时谓语跟B走

This pair of shoes is very cute.(be)

Seventy percent of the earth is covered by water.(be)

10.none，all，some和what引导的主语从句表抽象整体时谓语单数，表可数数量时谓语复数.

All of the leaders here are my friends and all about the meeting goes well.(be,go)

11.加减乘除运算，谓语用单数

Five minus two is three

Ten plus six is sixteen 

12.虚拟语气

12.1虚拟语气的定义

虚拟语气——不能实现/纯遐想的情况

对现在的遐想

If I were a billionaire now，I would live in Mars(火星). 

对过去的遐想

If I had studied harder last year. I would have passed the exam.

对未来的遐想

I wish I could fly in the sky in the future.

真实条件语气VS虚拟条件语句

真实条件语句：主将从现

If it sonws tomorrow，I will wear my hat.

虚拟条件语句：am/is/are一律变形were

If it were the end of the world ， I would fall in love with you.

12.2if引导的非真实条件语句

对过去的虚拟

If I had got enough money last year，I could have gone on a vacation.

从句：had done    主句：could have done

对现在的虚拟

If Sophie were Japanese, she could speak Japanese.

从句：were     主句：could do

对将来的虚拟

If it should snow/  were to snow/  snowed tomorrow，I would stay at home.

从句：should do / were to do / 过去式      主句：would do

if条件句	从句谓语	主语谓语
表现在	过去式（be用were)	should/would/could/might + do
表过去	had done	should/would/could/might + have done
表将来	should do were to do 过去式(be用were）	should/would/could/might + do
口诀：1.主句往前推  2.主句4+1 3.将来同现在

12.3wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

对过去的虚拟

They wish they had attended the meeting.

对现在的虚拟

I wish I were ten years younger.

对将来的虚拟

I wish I could fly to the moon some day.

wish宾语从句	从句谓语	wish主句
过去	had +过去分词	wish
现在	动词过去式(be用were)	wish
将来	should/would/could/might + 动词原形	wish

12.4特殊句型中的虚拟语气

1.表 建议/要求 后，宾语从句用should+v.原，should可省

The doctor suggested that he (should) have a reat immediately.

insist、order、command、suggest、advise、propose、recommend、demand、request、require、ask、urge、prefer等

口诀：一个坚持，两个命令，4个建议，4项要求，另外还有urge，prefer.

suggest表示暗示，表明；insist 表示坚持认为之意时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气.

The smile suggested that he was happy.

She insisted that she had never stolen the money.

2.would rather… 宁愿…句型，后的宾语从句用虚拟语气

对现在虚拟  一般过去时

I would rather you were happy

对将来虚拟 一般过去时

I would rather you came next Saturday.

对过去虚拟 过去完成时

I would rather you hadn't done that.

3.It's (high) time (that) … 早该做… 句型，后用虚拟语气(过去式/should+v.原)

It's high time that we struggled for our dream.

It's high time that we should struggle for our dream.

4.If noly… 要是…就好了句型，后用虚拟语气

对现在虚拟 一般过去时

If only I were as beautiful as you !

对过去虚拟 过去完成时

If only he had been here!

对将来虚拟  would+v.原

If only it would stop raining!

5.It is +important/necessary/vital  +that 从句  (shout)+v.原

12.5虚拟语气练习

1.If there were(be) no air on the earth,we couldn't live.

2.If I had got(get) up early, I might have caught(catch) the first bus yesterday.

3.I wish I could become(become) a billionaire tomorrow.

4.The teacher suggested he (should) spend(spend) more time speaking English.

5.Her words suggested that she disagreed(disagree) with us.

13.强调句

13.1强调句定义

定义：用来强调事实或自己的意愿，情感的句子.

13.2强调句句型

1.do(does/did) +动词原形

He does know the place well.  他的确很熟悉这个地方

注意：只用于肯定句的一般现在时和一般过去时

2.It is/was +被强调部分+that/who(主语指人) +其他部分 强调非谓语

It is hamburger that make him stronger and stronger

注意：it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词that和who，不可省略.(that表示人/物，who表示人)

练习——强调非谓语

1.Tom didn't get up until eight o'clock this morning.

1.It was Tom that/who didn't get up until eight o'clock this morning.   强调主语

2.It was until eight o'clock this morning that Tom didn't get up.           强调时间状语1

3.It was this morning that Tom didn't get up eight o'clock .                  强调时间状语2

13.3强调句&定语从句

He had his hair cut  on Sunday.

It was on Sunday that he had his hair cut.  强调句

It was Sunday when he had his hair cut.     定语从句

强调句中it is ……that/who 去掉后  句子是完整的

定语从句中it is……+引导词去掉后  句子缺成分

14.倒转句

14.1倒装句的定义

定义：把一句话写出一般疑问句的形式(表强调)

倒装句分为：完全倒装和部分倒装

完全倒装：谓语动词+主语+其他

部分倒装：be动词、助动词、情态动词、+主语+其他(一般疑问句语序)

 My father is a cook.     Is your father is a cook?  改为一般疑问句

14.2部分倒装

1.否定句放句首，用部分倒装

常见的否定词：not、little、hardly、never、no sooner……than……、not noly…but also…、

at no time、by no means、on no condition、in no case、in no event、nowhere、seldom…

1.I seldom go out alone at night.(变倒装)

    Seldom do I go out alone at night.

2.She not only has much money but also has many friends.(变倒装)

    Not only does she have much money but also has many friedns.

2.so,nor/neither起首的，用部分倒装

so满足3个条件才倒装

1.表示“也” ； 2.上句是简单句；3.上句的主语和so引导的主语不同

Tom watch TV last night.                     So did I. 

Tom didn't watch TV last night.           Nor/Neither did I.

He is a lovely Smurf.

So he is      so+主语+do/be……  前后指同一个人 —>的确如此

So is he       so+do/be…+主语    前后指不同人—>也是如此

3.only+状语放句首，用部分倒装

I only love you deeply.      变倒装   Only deeply do I love you.

2.You can find the true peace only in your own heart. 

变倒装  Only in your own heart can you find the true peace.

4.so…that…句型，so引导的部分方句首，用部分倒装

I feel so frightened that I lose my sleep for the whole night.

So frightened do I feel that I lose my sleep for the whole night.

You speak so fast that I can hardly catch what you say.

So fast do you speak that I can hardly catch what you say.

5.as,though引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语放在句首，用部分倒装

We continued our way ，as the storm was terrible.  主语是名词变倒装

Terrible as was the storm，we continued our way.

He can live on his own,as/though he is a child.         主语是代词不倒装

Child as/though he is,he can live on his own.

6.含有had，were，should的虚拟语气，可省略if，用部分倒装

If it were to rain. the crops would be saved.

Were it to rain ，the crops would be saved.

If you had come here, you would have met the star.

Had you come here,you would have met the star.

7.not until从句不变，主句倒

14.3完全倒装

定义：用来表示一定句子结构或强调某一句子成分

1.表地点、时间、方向的副词放句首，主语是名词，而不是代词时

（in，out，down，up，off，back，away，over there，there，now ，then，here，first等)

1.Here comes the bus.

2.Below us lay a beautiful valley.

3.Away walked the stranger.

2.表时间、地点、方向等的介词放句首，主语是名词时

(in，on，at，outside，among，above)

1.On the wall hangs a picture.

2.At the foot of the mountain lies a village.

3.Around the corner walks a young policeman.

3.分词短语放句首时

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about eleven.

Killed on the road was a student.

4.表语+系动词+主语结构中的完全倒装

1.Gone are the days    when farmers lived in the poor houses.

2.Present at the meeting   were experts on Psychology. 

15.独立主格

1.复习非主干

1._______  s(主) +v(谓)+O(宾)   在英文句子中，一句话只能由一个谓语动词

(1)分词结构：非谓语   

(2)独立主格：He finishing his homework（独立主格)，I start to  watch TV

                      When he finishes his homework ,I start to watch TV.

区别：1.  Finishing my homework，I start to watch TV

主从句主语一致——>分词结构

         When I finishes homework，I start to watch TV 

2.He finishing his homework，I start to watch TV

主从句主语不一致——>独立主格

   When he finishes his homework，I start to watch TV.

16长难句硬核方法论

16.1.1复习： 长难句硬核方法论

1.抓住干(连词、动词、介词)

2.非主干 **

3.从句关系

16.1.2非主干

非主干—句型结构 在英文句子中，一句话只能有一个谓语V

1._______ S(主）+V(谓语）+(宾语）

（1）分词结构 非谓语

when I  finish my homework(第一个句子)  ,I  start to watch TV.(第二个句子)

难——> 省略 

finishing  my  homework, I start  to watch TV

因为 两个句子主语是一样的，所以可以省略 ,但省略之后就只有一个主语，而句子中有两个谓语动词，所以需要改变句子的谓语动词为非谓语动词，改变的方法看谓语动词是主动还是被动或者不确定的动作来改成非谓语动词 

非谓语动词3种形式

1. V ——ed 过去分词结构 （被动）

2. V——ing 现在分词结构  （主动）

3.   to do     不定式结构     （不确定）

如：

When he  was sentenced (被动) to death , he  went to prison 

变成

Sentenced to death , he went to prison.