定义:设
m
∈
Z
+
a
,
b
∈
Z
m\in\Z^+\quad a,b\in\Z
m∈Z+a,b∈Z,若
a
,
b
a,b
a,b被
m
m
m除所得到的余数相同,则称
a
a
a与
b
b
b模
m
m
m同余,记作
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
)
a\equiv b\pmod m
a≡b(modm).否则称
a
a
a与
b
b
b模
m
m
m不同余,记作
a
̸
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
)
a\not\equiv b\pmod m
a̸≡b(modm).
定理:设
m
∈
Z
+
a
,
b
∈
Z
m\in\Z^+\quad a,b\in\Z
m∈Z+a,b∈Z,则
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
)
a\equiv b\pmod m
a≡b(modm)当且仅当
∃
q
∈
Z
a
=
m
q
+
b
\exists q\in\Z \quad a=mq+b
∃q∈Za=mq+b当且仅当
m
∣
(
a
−
b
)
m\mid (a-b)
m∣(a−b).
定理:同余是一种等价关系.
即1.反身性: a ≡ a ( m o d m ) a\equiv a\pmod m a≡a(modm).
2.对称性:若 a ≡ b ( m o d m ) a\equiv b\pmod m a≡b(modm),则 b ≡ a ( m o d m ) b\equiv a\pmod m b≡a(modm).
3.传递性:若 a ≡ b ( m o d m ) b ≡ c ( m o d m ) a\equiv b\pmod m \quad b\equiv c\pmod m a≡b(modm)b≡c(modm),则 a ≡ c ( m o d m ) a\equiv c\pmod m a≡c(modm).
定理:关于同余的一些性质:设
a
1
≡
b
1
(
m
o
d
m
)
a
2
≡
b
2
(
m
o
d
m
)
a_1\equiv b_1\pmod m\quad a_2\equiv b_2\pmod m
a1≡b1(modm)a2≡b2(modm),则
1.
a
1
±
a
2
≡
b
1
±
b
2
(
m
o
d
m
)
a_1\pm a_2\equiv b_1\pm b_2\pmod m
a1±a2≡b1±b2(modm).
2.
c
a
1
≡
c
b
1
(
m
o
d
m
)
∀
c
∈
Z
ca_1\equiv cb_1\pmod m\quad \forall c\in\Z
ca1≡cb1(modm)∀c∈Z.
3.
k
a
1
≡
k
b
1
(
m
o
d
k
m
)
∀
k
∈
Z
+
ka_1\equiv kb_1\pmod{km}\quad \forall k\in\Z^+
ka1≡kb1(modkm)∀k∈Z+.
4.
a
1
a
2
≡
b
1
b
2
(
m
o
d
m
)
a_1a_2\equiv b_1b_2\pmod m
a1a2≡b1b2(modm).
一般地,若
a
k
≡
b
k
(
m
o
d
m
)
k
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
 
,
n
a_k\equiv b_k\pmod m\quad k=1,2,\cdots,n
ak≡bk(modm)k=1,2,⋯,n,则
1.
∑
k
=
1
n
a
k
≡
∑
k
=
1
n
b
k
(
m
o
d
m
)
\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n}{a_k}\equiv \sum_{k=1}^{n}{b_k}\pmod m
k=1∑nak≡k=1∑nbk(modm).
2.
∏
k
=
1
n
a
k
≡
∏
k
=
1
n
b
k
(
m
o
d
m
)
\displaystyle \prod_{k=1}^{n}{a_k}\equiv \prod_{k=1}^{n}{b_k}\pmod m
k=1∏nak≡k=1∏nbk(modm).
2’.若
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
)
a\equiv b\pmod m
a≡b(modm),则
a
n
≡
b
n
(
m
o
d
m
)
∀
n
∈
Z
+
a^n\equiv b^n\pmod m \quad \forall n\in\Z^+
an≡bn(modm)∀n∈Z+.
推论:设
a
i
,
b
i
(
0
≤
i
≤
n
)
,
u
,
v
∈
Z
a_i,b_i(0\le i \le n),u,v\in\Z
ai,bi(0≤i≤n),u,v∈Z,若
a
i
≡
b
i
(
m
o
d
m
)
∀
0
≤
i
≤
n
,
u
≡
v
(
m
o
d
m
)
a_i\equiv b_i\pmod m \quad \forall 0\le i \le n,u\equiv v\pmod m
ai≡bi(modm)∀0≤i≤n,u≡v(modm),则
∑
i
=
0
m
a
i
u
i
≡
∑
j
=
0
n
b
j
v
j
(
m
o
d
m
)
\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^{m}{a_iu^i}\equiv\sum_{j=0}^{n}{b_jv^j}\pmod m
i=0∑maiui≡j=0∑nbjvj(modm)特别地,对于整系数多项式
f
(
x
)
=
a
n
x
n
+
⋯
+
a
1
x
+
a
0
f(x)=a_nx^n+\cdots+a_1x+a_0
f(x)=anxn+⋯+a1x+a0,有
f
(
n
)
≡
f
(
v
)
(
m
o
d
m
)
f(n)\equiv f(v)\pmod m
f(n)≡f(v)(modm).
定理:同余对除法的性质:
1.若
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
)
,
d
∣
m
,
d
>
0
a\equiv b\pmod m,d\mid m,d>0
a≡b(modm),d∣m,d>0,则
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
d
)
a\equiv b\pmod d
a≡b(modd).
2.若
a
1
a
2
≡
b
1
b
2
(
m
o
d
m
)
,
a
2
≡
b
2
(
m
o
d
m
)
a_1a_2\equiv b_1b_2\pmod m,a_2\equiv b_2\pmod m
a1a2≡b1b2(modm),a2≡b2(modm)且
(
a
2
,
m
)
=
1
(a_2,m)=1
(a2,m)=1,则
a
1
≡
b
1
(
m
o
d
m
)
a_1\equiv b_1\pmod m
a1≡b1(modm).
3.若
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
)
,
d
∣
(
a
,
b
,
m
)
,
d
>
0
a\equiv b\pmod m,d\mid (a,b,m),d>0
a≡b(modm),d∣(a,b,m),d>0,则
a
d
≡
b
d
(
m
o
d
m
d
)
\dfrac{a}{d}\equiv\dfrac{b}{d}\pmod{\dfrac{m}{d}}
da≡db(moddm).
4.若
(
a
,
m
)
=
1
(a,m)=1
(a,m)=1,则
∃
b
∈
Z
\exists b\in\Z
∃b∈Z,使得
a
b
≡
1
(
m
o
d
m
)
ab\equiv1\pmod m
ab≡1(modm).
定义:若
(
a
,
m
)
=
1
(a,m)=1
(a,m)=1,称满足
a
b
≡
1
(
m
o
d
m
)
ab\equiv1\pmod m
ab≡1(modm)的整数
b
b
b为
a
a
a对模
m
m
m的逆,记为
a
−
1
a^{-1}
a−1.
定理:同余式
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
m
i
)
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
 
,
n
a\equiv b\pmod{m_i} \quad i=1,2,\cdots,n
a≡b(modmi)i=1,2,⋯,n同时成立当且仅当
a
≡
b
(
m
o
d
[
m
1
,
m
2
,
⋯
 
,
m
n
]
)
a\equiv b\pmod {[m_1,m_2,\cdots,m_n]}
a≡b(mod[m1,m2,⋯,mn]).