Propagation Delay
A single bit takes 5ms to travel 1000km in an optical fiber with propagation speed of 2*10^8m/s
Packetization Delay
1Kb packet = 1024 bits
1kb/s link means 1000 bits/s
End-to-End Delay
当有多个packet share同一个link
都同时希望通过s2到达s3
剩余的packets都必须wait in queue(从s2到s3就会congested)
packet buffer防止它们在传输过程中drop off
但是如果new arriving packet必须要等到队列前部的packet先走,会delay the end to end time
Qt取决于前面有多少packets
Take waiting time as another variable in calculating end-to-end delay: