Laurent Series
The special properties of a complex function is much more determined by its singularity, to study the singularity of a function, we first give a useful theorem that does not hold for real functions.
Theorem 1 (Weierstrass)
Suppose that
{fj(z)}
are analytic on
U⊂C
, and
∑∞n=1fn(z)
uniformly converge on any closed subset of
U
to
For any closed rectifiable simple curve
Then by Morera theorem, f(z) is analytic on U .
If
Then we can get a open covering and use Heine-Borel theorem, the conclusion is true for any closed bounded subset of U .
Now we can define a Laurent series at
∑∞n=0cn(z−a)n is called the analytic part of the above series, and the remain is called the principle part.
Theorem 2
If
f(z)
is analytic on
V:r<|z−a|<R,(0≤r<R<∞)
, then
f
has a unique Laurent expansion on
where
Isolated Singular Point
If
f
is analytic on a neighbourhood
From theorem 2, there is a Laurent series of
There are three case to be considered.
Removable singular point
limz→af(z)
exists and finite, from Riemann theorem,
f
can be extended to an analytic functon on
Poles of order m
Since limz→af(z)=∞ , so there is δ>0 . such that f(z)≠0,0<|z−a|<δ , so on this field, F(z)=1f(z) is analytic and nonzero, moreover limz→aF(z)=0 . Therefore a is removable singular point of F(z) , then
Without lost of generality, we assume that 1/λ(z) is nonzero on |z−a|<δ . Then it has Taylor expansion
Essential singular point
limz→af(z) does not exist.
In this case, c−n have infinite terms which are nonzero.
Theorem 3 (Weierstrass)
If
a
is an essential singular point of
Which means that the values of f near essential singular point is dense in
This can be showed easily by prove the converse.
Residual Theorem
Define residual of
f
, which is analytic on
Use Laurent series we can deduce that
If z=∞ is isolated singular point of f , and
If a(a≠∞) is pole of f of order
where g(z) is analytic on a , and
So
Theorem 4
If
f
is analytic on