Quotient Space
Suppose that X X is a normed space, and is a closed subspace of X X , we can define an equivalent relation on by x1∼x2 x 1 ∼ x 2 if and only if x1−x2∈Y x 1 − x 2 ∈ Y .
Notation: for any x∈X x ∈ X , the set x+Y x + Y is denoted by x+Y={x+y:y∈Y} x + Y = { x + y : y ∈ Y } .
Note that in this notation, for any x∈X x ∈ X the equivalence class under ∼ ∼ of x x is .
A very natural question is that what is the elements, operator and norm in X/Y X / Y ?
The elements
Let X/Y X / Y be the set of equivalence classes, which is X/Y={x+Y:x∈X} X / Y = { x + Y : x ∈ X } .
The Operators
Define addition and scalar multiplication on
X/Y
X
/
Y
by
This operators are well defined and make X/Y X / Y a vector space.
The Norm
Also, we define the norm of
X/Y
X
/
Y
be
Then next result claims that ||⋅|| | | ⋅ | | is well defined and is a norm on X/Y X / Y . It is called the quotient norm.
THEOREM 1
||⋅|| | | ⋅ | | defined above is a norm on X/Y X / Y .
Proof: We only chech the trianglar inequality for the quotient norm.
Let x1+Y,x2+Y∈X/Y x 1 + Y , x 2 + Y ∈ X / Y . Want to show ||(x1+Y)+(x2+Y)||≤||x1+Y||+||x2+Y|| | | ( x 1 + Y ) + ( x 2 + Y ) | | ≤ | | x 1 + Y | | + | | x 2 + Y | | .
Let
ϵ>0
ϵ
>
0
be given, the by the definition we can find
y1,y2∈Y
y
1
,
y
2
∈
Y
such that
Then ||(x1+Y)+(x2+Y)||≤||x1+y1||+||x2+y2||≤||(x1+Y)+(x2+Y)||+2ϵ | | ( x 1 + Y ) + ( x 2 + Y ) | | ≤ | | x 1 + y 1 | | + | | x 2 + y 2 | | ≤ | | ( x 1 + Y ) + ( x 2 + Y ) | | + 2 ϵ . Finally, we can let ϵ→0 ϵ → 0 .
The next theorem gives a sufficient and necessary condition for a normed vector space to become a Banach space.
THEOREM 2
X X is a normed space, then is a Banach space if and only if ∀(xn)⊂X ∀ ( x n ) ⊂ X , such that ∑∞n=1||xn||≤∞ ∑ n = 1 ∞ | | x n | | ≤ ∞
we have ∑∞n=1xn ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n converges in X X . Which means, exists.
Proof: If
X
X
is complete and , define
yk=∑kn=1xn∈X
y
k
=
∑
n
=
1
k
x
n
∈
X
. Then for
k<j
k
<
j
So we can see that yk y k is a Cauchy sequence in X X . Hence converges.
On the other hand, let be a Cauchy sequence in
X
X
and we choose a subsequence such that
Then it is easy to see that ∑∞n=1||ykn−ykn+1||<∞ ∑ n = 1 ∞ | | y k n − y k n + 1 | | < ∞ . By the assumption, we can conclude that limj→∞∑jn=1(ykn−ykn+1) lim j → ∞ ∑ n = 1 j ( y k n − y k n + 1 ) exists in X X . Say the limit is , then
So we get
Since yk y k is Cauchy and it has a subsequence which converges to a element in X X , then the whole sequence will converges to that element. So is complete hence a Banach space.
THEOREM 3
Suppose X X is a Banach space and is a closed subspace of X X , the the quotient space is also a Banach space.
Proof: We will use the previous theorem to show this result. Let
(xn+Y)⊂X/Y
(
x
n
+
Y
)
⊂
X
/
Y
be such that
We want to show that limk→∞(xn+Y) lim k → ∞ ( x n + Y ) exists in X/Y X / Y .
By the definition of the quotient norm, for any
n
n
we can find such that
So we have
Since X X is a Banach space which is complete by assumption, by Theorem 2 we obtain that converges to some z∈X z ∈ X . Next, we only have to show that limk→∞∑kn=1(xn+Y)=z+Y lim k → ∞ ∑ n = 1 k ( x n + Y ) = z + Y . Then we can complete the proof.
Now, since
But
Implies that
So we are done as k→∞ k → ∞ .