深入理解Python中的装饰器（Decorators）

在Python中，装饰器是一种非常强大且优雅的语法结构，它允许我们在不修改原有函数代码的情况下，给函数增加新的功能。装饰器广泛应用于日志记录、性能测试、事务处理、权限校验等场景。

基本概念

装饰器本质上是一个函数，它接收一个函数作为参数并返回一个新的函数。这个新的函数通常会在原函数执行前后添加一些额外的功能。

简单装饰器示例

python复制代码

	def my_decorator(func):
	def wrapper():
	print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
	func()
	print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
	return wrapper
	@my_decorator
	def say_hello():
	print("Hello!")
	say_hello()
	# 输出:
	# Something is happening before the function is called.
	# Hello!
	# Something is happening after the function is called.

带参数的装饰器

如果原函数需要参数，装饰器需要稍作修改以支持这些参数。

python复制代码

	def my_decorator(func):
	def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
	print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
	result = func(*args, **kwargs)
	print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
	return result
	return wrapper
	@my_decorator
	def add(a, b):
	return a + b
	print(add(5, 3))
	# 输出:
	# Something is happening before the function is called.
	# Something is happening after the function is called.
	# 8

使用类作为装饰器

除了函数，类也可以用作装饰器。当使用类作为装饰器时，__call__方法会被自动调用。

python复制代码

	class MyDecorator:
	def __init__(self, func):
	self.func = func
	def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
	print("Something is happening before the method is called.")
	result = self.func(*args, **kwargs)
	print("Something is happening after the method