Scatter Plotting

In [69]: import numpy as np

             import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [70]: data =np.random.rand(1024,2)#[0,1]interval,               (row,column)=(1024,2)

In [71]: plt.scatter(data[:,0], data[:,1])

             plt.show()

​

In [73]: data.shape

Out[73]: (1024, 2)

 

2 Using custom colors for scatter plots

In [1]: import numpy as np

           import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [15]: A = np.random.standard_normal((100, 2))

             A += np.array((-1,-1)) # Center the distrib.at <-1, -1> or all elements plus -1

In [16]: B = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))

             B += np.array((1,1)) #Center the distrib.at <1,1> or all elements plus 1

In [17]: plt.scatter(A[:,0], A[:,1], color='.25')

             plt.scatter(B[:,0], B[:,1], color='.75')

             plt.show()

 

##########################################

iris.data.txt

5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor

......................

##########################################

In [2]: import numpy as np

           import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [3]: label_set = (

                 b'Iris-setosa',

                 b'Iris-versicolor',

                 b'Iris-virginica',

          )#tuple

In [21]: def read_label2(label):

                   return label_set.index(label)

In [22]: #The last (4th)column that gives the label of each point is a string that can take three possible 

            #  values—Iris-virginica, Iris-versicolor, and Iris-Vertosa.

            data = np.loadtxt('iris.data.txt', delimiter = ',' , converters ={4:read_label2})

            color_set = ('.00', '.50', '.75')

            color_list = [color_set[int(label)] for label in data[:,4]

                                ]

            plt.scatter(data[:,0], data[:,1], color=color_list)

            plt.show()

In [23]: label_set.index('Iris-setosa')

Out[23]: 0

In [24]: type(label_set)

Out[24]: tuple

In [26]: data[:4]

Out[26]: array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 0. ],

                           [4.9, 3. , 1.4, 0.2, 0. ],

                           [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, 0. ],

                           [4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2, 0. ]])

 

In [1]: import numpy as np

           import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [2]: data = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))

In [12]: plt.scatter(data[:,0], data[:,1], color='1.0',edgecolor='b')

             #edgecolor=blue, color='1'=white

             plt.show()

 

In [9]: data[:,0].shape

Out[9]: (100,)

 

6 p52 Using colormaps for scatter plots

In [1]: import numpy as np

           import matplotlib.cm as cm

           import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [8]: N=256

           angle = np.linspace(0,8* 2*np.pi, N) # 0~2pi * 8 /256

           radius = np.linspace(0.5, 1., N)

In [9]: Xarr = radius*np.cos(angle)

           Yarr = radius*np.sin(angle)

In [10]: plt.scatter(Xarr, Yarr, c = angle, cmap=cm.hsv)  #8pi  or 8 圈   256/=32

             plt.show()

Controlling a marker's style

Predefined markers: They can be predefined shapes, represented as a number in the [0, 8] range, or some strings

Vertices list: This is a list of value pairs, used as coordinates for the path of a shape

Regular polygon: It represents a triplet (N, 0, angle) for an N sided regular polygon, with a rotation of angle degrees

Start polygon: It represent

# In[78]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# In[86]:
A = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))
B = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))
#the marker parameter does not accept a list of marker specifications as inputs
plt.scatter(A[:,0], A[:,1], color='k', marker='x')
plt.scatter(B[:,0], B[:,1], color='k', marker='^')

plt.show()

                     vs

A = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))
B = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))
A += np.array((-1,-1))# # Center the distrib.at <-1, -1>    or all elements plus -1
B += np.array((1,1))

#the marker parameter does not accept a list of marker specifications as inputs
plt.scatter(A[:,0], A[:,1], color='k', marker='x')
plt.scatter(B[:,0], B[:,1], color='k', marker='^')

plt.show()

# ################################
# 
# iris.data.txt:
# 
# 5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
# 
# 5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
# 
# 7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
# 
# 6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
# ################################

# In[88]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# In[89]:
label_list=(
    b'Iris-setosa',
    b'Iris-versicolor',
    b'Iris-virginica'
)

# In[91]:
def read_label(label):
    return label_list.index(label) #return index value in label_list

# In[92]:
data = np.loadtxt('iris.data.txt', delimiter=',', converters={4:read_label})

segregate points per label(分离数据点用不同的marker)

# In[95]:
marker_set=('^','x','.')
#however, we segregate points per label. Then, we iterate through
#each entry of the map and call pyplot.scatter() for each subset of points.
for i, marker in enumerate(marker_set):
    data_subset = np.asarray([x for x in data if x[4] ==i])           #if x[4] ==i then save the data to data_subset
    plt.scatter(data_subset[:,0], data_subset[:,1], color='k', marker=marker)

plt.show()

 

Controlling a marker's size¶

Because the sizes are the actual surface areas and not the radii, they follow a quadratic progression—the markers that are four times larger will have radii that are two times larger.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# In[106]:
A = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))
A += np.array((-1,-1))

B = np.random.standard_normal((100,2))
B += np.array((1,1))

# In[108]:
plt.scatter(B[:,0], B[:,1], c='k', s=100.)
plt.scatter(A[:,0], A[:,1], c='k', s=25.)

plt.show()

# In[109]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# In[110]:
M = np.random.standard_normal((1000,2))
R = np.sum(M ** 2, axis=1)

# In[112]:
plt.scatter(M[:,0], M[:,1], c='w', marker='s', s=32*R, edgecolor='k')
#The pyplot.plot() function also allows to change the size of the markers with the
#help of the markersize (or its shortcut ms) parameter. This parameter does not accept
#a list of values as an input.
plt.show()

###############################################################################

Macrodata.csv file

###############################################################################

Scatter or Point Plots

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

 

macro =pd.read_csv('../examples/macrodata.csv')

macro.head()

data=macro[

                     ['cpi', 'm1', 'tbilrate', 'unemp']

          ]

data.head()

             #log differences     

trans_data = np.log(data).diff().dropna()

trans_data[-5:]

# We can then use seaborn’s regplot method, which makes a scatter plot and fits a linear regression line

sns.regplot(data=trans_data,x='m1',y='unemp')

plt.title('Changes in log %s versus log %s' % ('m1', 'unemp'))

plt.show()

In exploratory data analysis it’s helpful to be able to look at all the scatter plots among a group of variables; this is known as a pairs plot or scatter plot matrix. Making such a plot from scratch is a bit of work, so seaborn has a convenient pairplot function, which supports placing histograms or density estimates of each variable along the diagonal

 

sns.pairplot(trans_data, diag_kind='kde', plot_kws={'alpha': 0.2})

plt.title('Pair plot matrix of statsmodels macro data')

plt.show()