代码及其markdown源代码的百度云链接如下，请注意：里面有些公式可能由于笔者的疏漏有错误，请不要全部采信。本内容仅供学习交流使用，完全免费，因此也请不要用本内容进行任何收费活动，如转载请不要对本内容进行修改。全文共5w+字符，公式全手打，作者也挺辛苦的。以上君子协议，望大家遵守。时间仓促，内容如有错误，还望多多海涵。
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Wz4_KqqFDf1AppcATzBj1g
提取码：kj7c
超链接目录如下：
文章目录
第零章
常用公式定义
本章用于定义一些常用的方程及其简称，方程简称见右端的括号。
∇
⋅
D
⃗
=
ρ
(D)
\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\rho\tag{D}
∇⋅D=ρ(D)
∇ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 (B) \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=0\tag{B} ∇⋅B=0(B)
∇ × E ⃗ = − ∂ B ⃗ ∂ t (E) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}}{\partial t}\tag{E} ∇×E=−∂t∂B(E)
∇ × H ⃗ = J ⃗ + ∂ D ⃗ ∂ t (H) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}+\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}}{\partial t}\tag{H} ∇×H=J+∂t∂D(H)
∮ S D ⃗ ⋅ d S ⃗ = ∫ V ρ ⋅ d V (ID) \oint_S{\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}=\int_V{\rho \cdot \text{d}V}}\tag{ID} ∮SD⋅dS=∫Vρ⋅dV(ID)
∮ S B ⃗ ⋅ d S ⃗ = 0 (IB) \oint_S{\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}=0}\tag{IB} ∮SB⋅dS=0(IB)
∮ l E ⃗ ⋅ d l ⃗ = − ∫ S ∂ B ⃗ ∂ t ⋅ d S ⃗ + ∮ l ( v ⃗ × B ⃗ ) ⋅ d l ⃗ (IE) \oint_l{\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}}=-\int_S{\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}}{\partial t}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}}+\oint_l{\begin{array}{c} \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{v}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{B}} \right) \cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}\\\end{array}}\tag{IE} ∮lE⋅dl=−∫S∂t∂B⋅dS+∮l(v×B)⋅dl(IE)
∮ l H ⃗ ⋅ d l ⃗ = ∫ S J ⃗ ⋅ d S ⃗ + ∫ S ∂ D ⃗ ∂ t ⋅ d S ⃗ (IH) \oint_l{\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}}=\int_S{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}}+\int_S{\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}}{\partial t}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}}\tag{IH} ∮lH⋅dl=∫SJ⋅dS+∫S∂t∂D⋅dS(IH)
∇ ⋅ D ⃗ = ρ (WD) \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\rho\tag{WD} ∇⋅D=ρ(WD)
∇ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 (WB) \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=0\tag{WB} ∇⋅B=0(WB)
∇ × E ⃗ = − j ω B ⃗ (WE) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-j\omega \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}\tag{WE} ∇×E=−jωB(WE)
∇ × H ⃗ = J ⃗ + j ω D ⃗ (WH) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}+j\omega \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\tag{WH} ∇×H=J+jωD(WH)
∇ × ∇ × E ⃗ = ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ E ⃗ ) − ∇ 2 E ⃗ (NXX) \nabla \times \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\nabla \left( \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}} \right) -\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\tag{NXX} ∇×∇×E=∇(∇⋅E)−∇2E(NXX)
A ⃗ × ( B ⃗ × C ⃗ ) = B ⃗ ( A ⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ ) − C ⃗ ( A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ ) (VXX) \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\times \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{C}} \right) =\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}\left( \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{C}} \right) -\boldsymbol{\vec{C}}\left( \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{B}} \right)\tag{VXX} A×(B×C)=B(A⋅C)−C(A⋅B)(VXX)
∇ ⋅ ( A ⃗ × B ⃗ ) = B ⃗ ( ∇ × A ⃗ ) − A ⃗ ( ∇ × B ⃗ ) (NDX) \nabla \cdot \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{B}} \right) =\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}\left( \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{A}} \right) -\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\left( \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{B}} \right)\tag{NDX} ∇⋅(A×B)=B(∇×A)−A(∇×B)(NDX)
本构方程不必言明即可直接应用：
D
⃗
=
ε
E
⃗
\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\varepsilon \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}
D=εE
B ⃗ = μ H ⃗ \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{H}} B=μH
J ⃗ = σ E ⃗ \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}=\sigma \boldsymbol{\vec{E}} J=σE
第一章——坐标变换与哈密顿算子
1、坐标变换公式
{ r ⃗ = { x , y , z } r ⃗ = { ρ cos φ , ρ sin φ , z } r ⃗ = { r sin θ cos φ , r sin θ sin φ , r cos θ } (1.1.1) \begin{cases} \boldsymbol{\vec{r}}=\left\{ x,y,z \right\}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{r}}=\left\{ \rho \cos \varphi ,\rho \sin \varphi ,z \right\}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{r}}=\left\{ r\sin \theta \cos \varphi ,r\sin \theta \sin \varphi ,r\cos \theta \right\}\\\end{cases}\tag{1.1.1} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧r={x,y,z}r={ρcosφ,ρsinφ,z}r={rsinθcosφ,rsinθsinφ,rcosθ}(1.1.1)
式==(1.1.1)==对应元素相等，例如：
{
x
=
r
sin
θ
cos
φ
y
=
r
sin
θ
sin
φ
z
=
r
cos
θ
⇒
{
r
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
sin
θ
=
ρ
r
,
cos
θ
=
z
r
sin
φ
=
y
ρ
,
cos
φ
=
x
ρ
(1.1.2)
\begin{cases} x=r\sin \!\:\theta \cos \!\:\varphi\\ y=r\sin \theta \sin \varphi\\ z=r\cos \theta\\\end{cases}\Rightarrow \begin{cases} r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\\ \sin \theta =\frac{\rho}{r},\cos \theta =\frac{z}{r}\\ \sin \varphi =\frac{y}{\rho},\cos \varphi =\frac{x}{\rho}\\\end{cases}\tag{1.1.2}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=rsinθcosφy=rsinθsinφz=rcosθ⇒⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧r=x2+y2+z2sinθ=rρ,cosθ=rzsinφ=ρy,cosφ=ρx(1.1.2)
{ x = ρ cos φ y = ρ sin φ z = z ⇒ { ρ = x 2 + y 2 cos φ = x ρ , sin φ = y ρ z = z (1.1.3) \begin{cases} x=\rho \cos \!\:\varphi\\ y=\rho \sin \varphi\\ z=z\\\end{cases}\Rightarrow \begin{cases} \rho =\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\\ \cos \!\:\varphi =\frac{x}{\rho},\sin \varphi =\frac{y}{\rho}\\ z=z\\\end{cases}\tag{1.1.3} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=ρcosφy=ρsinφz=z⇒⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ρ=x2+y2cosφ=ρx,sinφ=ρyz=z(1.1.3)
{ ρ = r sin θ φ = φ z = r cos θ ⇒ { r = ρ 2 + z 2 sin θ = ρ r , cos θ = z r φ = φ (1.1.4) \begin{cases} \rho =r\sin \theta\\ \varphi =\varphi\\ z=r\cos \theta\\\end{cases}\Rightarrow \begin{cases} r=\sqrt{\rho ^2+z^2}\\ \sin \theta =\frac{\rho}{r},\cos \theta =\frac{z}{r}\\ \varphi =\varphi\\\end{cases}\tag{1.1.4} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ρ=rsinθφ=φz=rcosθ⇒⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧r=ρ2+z2sinθ=rρ,cosθ=rzφ=φ(1.1.4)
并且给出坐标间的变换公式：
[
x
^
y
^
z
^
]
=
[
sin
θ
cos
φ
cos
θ
cos
φ
−
sin
φ
sin
θ
sin
φ
cos
θ
sin
φ
cos
φ
cos
θ
−
sin
θ
0
]
[
r
^
θ
^
φ
^
]
(1.1.5)
\left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{y}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right] =\left[ \begin{matrix} \sin \!\:\theta \cos \!\:\varphi& \cos \!\:\theta \cos \!\:\varphi& -\sin \!\:\varphi\\ \sin \!\:\theta \sin \!\:\varphi& \cos \!\:\theta \sin \!\:\varphi& \cos \!\:\varphi\\ \cos \!\:\theta& -\sin \!\:\theta& 0\\\end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\\end{array} \right]\tag{1.1.5}
⎣⎡x^y^z^⎦⎤=⎣⎡sinθcosφsinθsinφcosθcosθcosφcosθsinφ−sinθ−sinφcosφ0⎦⎤⎣⎡r^θ^φ^⎦⎤(1.1.5)
[ x ^ y ^ z ^ ] = [ cos φ − sin φ 0 sin φ cos φ 0 0 0 1 ] [ ρ ^ φ ^ z ^ ] (1.1.6) \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{y}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right] =\left[ \begin{matrix} \cos \!\:\varphi& -\sin \!\:\varphi& 0\\ \sin \!\:\varphi& \cos \!\:\varphi& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\\end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right]\tag{1.1.6} ⎣⎡x^y^z^⎦⎤=⎣⎡cosφsinφ0−sinφcosφ0001⎦⎤⎣⎡ρ^φ^z^⎦⎤(1.1.6)
[ ρ ^ φ ^ z ^ ] = [ sin θ cos θ 0 0 0 1 cos θ − sin θ 0 ] [ r ^ θ ^ φ ^ ] (1.1.7) \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right] =\left[ \begin{matrix} \sin \theta& \cos \theta& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ \cos \theta& -\sin \theta& 0\\\end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\\end{array} \right]\tag{1.1.7} ⎣⎡ρ^φ^z^⎦⎤=⎣⎡sinθ0cosθcosθ0−sinθ010⎦⎤⎣⎡r^θ^φ^⎦⎤(1.1.7)
考虑到此处雅可比矩阵是正交矩阵，将它们转置过来，即可得到逆变换，考虑到我们希望矩阵里由新的基的元素表示，因此如此化简：
[
r
^
θ
^
φ
^
]
=
1
r
ρ
[
x
ρ
y
ρ
z
ρ
z
x
z
y
−
ρ
2
−
r
y
r
x
0
]
[
x
^
y
^
z
^
]
(1.1.8)
\left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\\end{array} \right] =\frac{1}{r\rho}\left[ \begin{matrix} x\rho& y\rho& z\rho\\ zx& zy& -\rho ^2\\ -ry& rx& 0\\\end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{y}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right]\tag{1.1.8}
⎣⎡r^θ^φ^⎦⎤=rρ1⎣⎡xρzx−ryyρzyrxzρ−ρ20⎦⎤⎣⎡x^y^z^⎦⎤(1.1.8)
[ ρ ^ φ ^ z ^ ] = 1 ρ [ x y 0 − y x 0 0 0 ρ ] [ x ^ y ^ z ^ ] (1.1.9) \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right] =\frac{1}{\rho}\left[ \begin{matrix} x& y& 0\\ -y& x& 0\\ 0& 0& \rho\\\end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{y}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right]\tag{1.1.9} ⎣⎡ρ^φ^z^⎦⎤=ρ1⎣⎡x−y0yx000ρ⎦⎤⎣⎡x^y^z^⎦⎤(1.1.9)
[ r ^ θ ^ φ ^ ] = 1 r [ ρ 0 z z 0 − ρ 0 r 0 ] [ ρ ^ φ ^ z ^ ] (1.1.10) \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\\end{array} \right] =\frac{1}{r}\left[ \begin{matrix} \rho& 0& z\\ z& 0& -\rho\\ 0& r& 0\\\end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\ \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\\end{array} \right]\tag{1.1.10} ⎣⎡r^θ^φ^⎦⎤=r1⎣⎡ρz000rz−ρ0⎦⎤⎣⎡ρ^φ^z^⎦⎤(1.1.10)
2、哈密顿算子性质
∇ f = 1 h a ∂ f ∂ a a ^ + 1 h b ∂ f ∂ b b ^ + 1 h c ∂ f ∂ c c ^ (1.2.1) \nabla f=\frac{1}{h_a}\frac{\partial f}{\partial a}\boldsymbol{\hat{a}}+\frac{1}{h_b}\frac{\partial f}{\partial b}\boldsymbol{\hat{b}}+\frac{1}{h_c}\frac{\partial f}{\partial c}\boldsymbol{\hat{c}}\tag{1.2.1} ∇f=ha1∂a∂fa^+hb1∂b∂fb^+hc1∂c∂fc^(1.2.1)
∇ ⋅ G = 1 h a h b h c ( ∂ h b h c G 1 ∂ a + ∂ h c h a G 2 ∂ b + ∂ h a h b G 3 ∂ c ) (1.2.2) \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{G}=\frac{1}{h_ah_bh_c}\left( \frac{\partial h_bh_cG_1}{\partial a}+\frac{\partial h_ch_aG_2}{\partial b}+\frac{\partial h_ah_bG_3}{\partial c} \right) \tag{1.2.2} ∇⋅G=hahbhc1(∂a∂hbhcG1+∂b∂hchaG2+∂c∂hahbG3)(1.2.2)
∇ × G = 1 h a h b h c ∣ h a a ^ h b b ^ h c c ^ ∂ ∂ a ∂ ∂ b ∂ ∂ c ( h a G 1 ) ( h b G 2 ) ( h c G 3 ) ∣ (1.2.3) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{G}=\frac{1}{h_ah_bh_c}\left| \begin{matrix} h_a\boldsymbol{\hat{a}}& h_b\boldsymbol{\hat{b}}& h_c\boldsymbol{\hat{c}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial a}& \frac{\partial}{\partial b}& \frac{\partial}{\partial c}\\ \left( h_aG_1 \right)& \left( h_bG_2 \right)& \left( h_cG_3 \right)\\\end{matrix} \right|\tag{1.2.3} ∇×G=hahbhc1∣∣∣∣∣∣haa^∂a∂(haG1)hbb^∂b∂(hbG2)hcc^∂c∂(hcG3)∣∣∣∣∣∣(1.2.3)
关于==(1.2.4)==式，详见参考文献1：
∇ 2 = 1 h a h b h c [ ∂ ∂ a ( h b h c h a ∂ ∂ a ) + ∂ ∂ b ( h c h a h b ∂ ∂ b ) + ∂ ∂ c ( h a h b h c ∂ ∂ c ) ] （无论标量矢量） (1.2.4) \nabla ^2=\frac{1}{h_ah_{\begin{array}{c} b\\ \end{array}}h_c}\left[ \frac{\partial}{\partial a}\left( \frac{h_{\begin{array}{c} b\\ \end{array}}h_c}{h_a}\frac{\partial}{\partial a} \right) +\frac{\partial}{\partial b}\left( \frac{h_{\begin{array}{c} c\\ \end{array}}h_a}{h_b}\frac{\partial}{\partial b} \right) +\frac{\partial}{\partial c}\left( \frac{h_{\begin{array}{c} a\\ \end{array}}h_b}{h_c}\frac{\partial}{\partial c} \right) \right] \,\,\text{（无论标量矢量）}\tag{1.2.4} ∇2=hahbhc1[∂a∂(hahbhc∂a∂)+∂b∂(hbhcha∂b∂)+∂c∂(hchahb∂c∂)]（无论标量矢量）(1.2.4)
∇ f = ∂ f ∂ n ^ e ^ n (1.2.5) \nabla f=\frac{\partial f}{\partial \hat{n}}\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_n\tag{1.2.5} ∇f=∂n^∂fe^n(1.2.5)
∇ × ∇ × E ⃗ = ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ E ⃗ ) − ∇ 2 E ⃗ (NXX) \colorbox{cyan}{$\nabla \times \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\nabla \left( \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}} \right) -\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}$}\tag{NXX} ∇×∇×E=∇(∇⋅E)−∇2E(NXX)
3、各坐标系下哈密顿算子性质
{ ∇ f = ∂ f ∂ x x ^ + ∂ f ∂ y y ^ + ∂ f ∂ z z ^ ∇ f = ∂ f ∂ ρ ρ ^ + 1 ρ ∂ f ∂ φ φ ^ + ∂ f ∂ z z ^ ∇ f = ∂ f ∂ r r ^ + 1 r ∂ f ∂ θ θ ^ + 1 r sin θ ∂ f ∂ φ φ ^ (1.3.1) \begin{cases} \nabla f =\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \nabla f=\frac{\partial f}{\partial \rho}\boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial f}{\partial \varphi}\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \nabla f =\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}+\frac{1}{r\sin \theta}\frac{\partial f}{\partial \varphi}\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\\end{cases}\tag{1.3.1} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧∇f=∂x∂fx^+∂y∂fy^+∂z∂fz^∇f=∂ρ∂fρ^+ρ1∂φ∂fφ^+∂z∂fz^∇f=∂r∂fr^+r1∂θ∂fθ^+rsinθ1∂φ∂fφ^(1.3.1)
{ ∇ ⋅ G = ∂ G 1 ∂ x + ∂ G 2 ∂ y + ∂ G 3 ∂ z ∇ ⋅ G = 1 ρ ∂ ρ G 1 ∂ ρ + 1 ρ ∂ G 2 ∂ φ + ∂ G 3 ∂ z ∇ ⋅ G = 1 r 2 ∂ r 2 G 1 ∂ r + 1 r sin θ ∂ sin θ G 2 ∂ θ + 1 r sin θ ∂ G 3 ∂ φ (1.3.2) \begin{cases} \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{G} =\frac{\partial G_1}{\partial x}&+\frac{\partial G_2}{\partial y}&+\frac{\partial G_3}{\partial z}\\ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{G} =\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial \rho G_1}{\partial \rho}&+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial G_2}{\partial \varphi}&+\frac{\partial G_3}{\partial z}\\ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{G}=\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial r^2G_1}{\partial r}&+\frac{1}{r\sin \theta}\frac{\partial \sin \theta G_2}{\partial \theta}&+\frac{1}{r\sin \theta}\frac{\partial G_3}{\partial \varphi}\\\end{cases}\tag{1.3.2} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧∇⋅G=∂x∂G1∇⋅G=ρ1∂ρ∂ρG1∇⋅G=r21∂r∂r2G1+∂y∂G2+ρ1∂φ∂G2+rsinθ1∂θ∂sinθG2+∂z∂G3+∂z∂G3+rsinθ1∂φ∂G3(1.3.2)
{ ∇ × G = ∣ x ^ y ^ z ^ ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z ( G 1 ) ( G 2 ) ( G 3 ) ∣ ∇ × G = ∣ ρ ^ ρ φ ^ z ^ ∂ ∂ ρ ∂ ∂ φ ∂ ∂ z ( G 1 ) ( ρ G 2 ) ( G 3 ) ∣ ∇ × G = ∣ r ^ r θ ^ r sin θ φ ^ ∂ ∂ r ∂ ∂ θ ∂ ∂ φ ( G 1 ) ( r G 2 ) ( r sin θ G 3 ) ∣ (1.3.3) \begin{cases} \nabla \times \boldsymbol{G} =\left| \begin{matrix} \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}& \boldsymbol{\hat{y}}& \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ \left( G_1 \right)& \left( G_2 \right)& \left( G_3 \right)\\\end{matrix} \right|\\ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{G}=\left| \begin{matrix} \boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}& \rho \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}& \boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial \rho}& \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}& \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ \left( G_1 \right)& \left( \rho G_2 \right)& \left( G_3 \right)\\\end{matrix} \right|\\ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{G}=\left| \begin{matrix} \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}& r\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}& r\sin \theta \boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial r}& \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}& \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\\ \left( G_1 \right)& \left( rG_2 \right)& \left( r\sin \theta G_3 \right)\\\end{matrix} \right|\\\end{cases}\tag{1.3.3} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧∇×G=∣∣∣∣∣∣x^∂x∂(G1)y^∂y∂(G2)z^∂z∂(G3)∣∣∣∣∣∣∇×G=∣∣∣∣∣∣ρ^∂ρ∂(G1)ρφ^∂φ∂(ρG2)z^∂z∂(G3)∣∣∣∣∣∣∇×G=∣∣∣∣∣∣r^∂r∂(G1)rθ^∂θ∂(rG2)rsinθφ^∂φ∂(rsinθG3)∣∣∣∣∣∣(1.3.3)
{ ∇ 2 f = ∂ 2 f ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 f ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 f ∂ z 2 ∇ 2 f = 1 ρ ∂ ∂ ρ ( ρ ∂ f ∂ ρ ) + 1 ρ 2 ∂ 2 f ∂ φ 2 + ∂ 2 f ∂ z 2 ∇ 2 f = 1 r 2 ∂ ∂ r ( r 2 ∂ f ∂ r ) + 1 r 2 sin θ ∂ ∂ θ ( sin θ ∂ f ∂ θ ) + 1 r 2 sin 2 θ ∂ 2 f ∂ φ 2 (1.3.4) \begin{cases} \nabla ^2f=\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial z^2}\\ \nabla ^2f=\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho}\left( \rho \frac{\partial f}{\partial \rho} \right) +\frac{1}{\rho ^2}\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial \varphi ^2}+\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial z^2}\\ \nabla ^2f=\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left( r^2\frac{\partial f}{\partial r} \right) +\frac{1}{r^2\sin \theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\left( \sin \theta \frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta} \right) +\frac{1}{r^2\sin ^2\theta}\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial \varphi ^2}\\ \end{cases}\tag{1.3.4} ⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧∇2f=∂x2∂2f+∂y2∂2f+∂z2∂2f∇2f=ρ1∂ρ∂(ρ∂ρ∂f)+ρ21∂φ2∂2f+∂z2∂2f∇2f=r21∂r∂(r2∂r∂f)+r2sinθ1∂θ∂(sinθ∂θ∂f)+r2sin2θ1∂φ2∂2f(1.3.4)
关于==(1.3.4)==式，矢量拉普拉斯算子与标量算子具有类似的特性，其中柱坐标采用文献公式(21)展开，但球坐标过长，所以保留了原矢量格式，详见参考文献1：
{
∇
2
G
⃗
=
∂
2
G
⃗
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
G
⃗
∂
y
2
+
∂
2
G
⃗
∂
z
2
∇
2
G
⃗
=
ρ
^
[
∇
2
G
ρ
−
1
ρ
2
G
ρ
−
2
ρ
2
∂
G
φ
∂
φ
]
+
φ
^
[
∇
2
G
φ
−
1
ρ
2
G
φ
+
2
ρ
2
∂
G
ρ
∂
φ
]
+
z
^
∇
2
G
z
∇
2
G
⃗
=
1
r
2
∂
∂
r
(
r
2
∂
G
⃗
∂
r
)
+
1
r
2
sin
θ
∂
∂
θ
(
sin
θ
∂
G
⃗
∂
θ
)
+
1
r
2
sin
2
θ
∂
2
G
⃗
∂
φ
2
(1.3.5)
\begin{cases} \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}=\frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}}{\partial z^2}\\ \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{\rho}}\left[ \nabla ^2G_{\rho}-\frac{1}{\rho ^2}G_{\rho}-\frac{2}{\rho ^2}\frac{\partial G_{\varphi}}{\partial \varphi} \right] +\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\left[ \nabla ^2G_{\varphi}-\frac{1}{\rho ^2}G_{\varphi}+\frac{2}{\rho ^2}\frac{\partial G_{\rho}}{\partial \varphi} \right] +\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\nabla ^2G_z\\ \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}=\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left( r^2\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{G}}}{\partial r} \right) +\frac{1}{r^2\sin \theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\left( \sin \theta \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{G}}}{\partial \theta} \right) +\frac{1}{r^2\sin ^2\theta}\frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{G}}}{\partial \varphi ^2}\\ \end{cases}\tag{1.3.5}
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧∇2G=∂x2∂2G+∂y2∂2G+∂z2∂2G∇2G=ρ^[∇2Gρ−ρ21Gρ−ρ22∂φ∂Gφ]+φ^[∇2Gφ−ρ21Gφ+ρ22∂φ∂Gρ]+z^∇2Gz∇2G=r21∂r∂(r2∂r∂G)+r2sinθ1∂θ∂(sinθ∂θ∂G)+r2sin2θ1∂φ2∂2G(1.3.5)
第二章——位函数与矢量方程
1、位函数
矢量磁位函数+动态电位：
其中==(2.1.3)==式推导见<跳转到推导1>
B ⃗ = ∇ × A ⃗ (2.1.1) \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=\nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\tag{2.1.1} B=∇×A(2.1.1)
E ⃗ = − ∇ U − ∂ A ⃗ ∂ t (2.1.2) \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-\nabla U-\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}}{\partial t}\tag{2.1.2} E=−∇U−∂t∂A(2.1.2)
∇ ⋅ A ⃗ = − μ ε ∂ U ∂ t (2.1.3) \colorbox{cyan}{$\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=-\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial U}{\partial t}$}\tag{2.1.3} ∇⋅A=−με∂t∂U(2.1.3)
对于无电流区域（
∇
×
H
⃗
=
0
\nabla\times\boldsymbol{\vec H}=0
∇×H=0），标可以定义量磁位：
H
⃗
=
−
∇
U
m
(2.1.4)
\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=-\nabla U_m\tag{2.1.4}
H=−∇Um(2.1.4)
2、矢量方程
达朗贝尔方程：
∇
2
A
⃗
−
μ
ε
∂
2
A
⃗
∂
t
2
=
−
μ
J
⃗
(2.2.1)
\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}-\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}}{\partial t^2}=-\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\tag{2.2.1}
∇2A−με∂t2∂2A=−μJ(2.2.1)
∇ 2 U − μ ε ∂ 2 U ∂ t 2 = − ρ ε (2.2.2) \nabla ^2U-\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial ^2U}{\partial t^2}=-\frac{\rho}{\varepsilon}\tag{2.2.2} ∇2U−με∂t2∂2U=−ερ(2.2.2)
若
k
2
=
ω
2
μ
ε
k^2=\omega^2\mu\varepsilon
k2=ω2με：
∇
2
A
⃗
+
k
2
A
⃗
=
−
μ
J
⃗
(PPA)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}+k^2 \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=-\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}$}\tag{PPA}
∇2A+k2A=−μJ(PPA)
∇ 2 U + k 2 U = − ρ ε (PPU) \colorbox{cyan}{$\nabla ^2U+k^2 U=-\frac{\rho}{\varepsilon}$}\tag{PPU} ∇2U+k2U=−ερ(PPU)
亥姆霍兹方程：
∇
2
E
⃗
=
μ
σ
∂
E
⃗
∂
t
+
μ
ε
∂
2
E
⃗
∂
t
2
(2.2.3)
\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\mu \sigma \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}}{\partial t}+\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}}{\partial t^2}\tag{2.2.3}
∇2E=μσ∂t∂E+με∂t2∂2E(2.2.3)
∇ 2 H ⃗ = μ σ ∂ H ⃗ ∂ t + μ ε ∂ 2 H ⃗ ∂ t 2 (2.2.4) \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\mu \sigma \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}}{\partial t}+\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}}{\partial t^2}\tag{2.2.4} ∇2H=μσ∂t∂H+με∂t2∂2H(2.2.4)
若区域内没有电荷（ ρ = 0 \rho=0 ρ=0），设 k 2 = ω 2 μ ε − j ω μ σ k^2=\omega ^2\mu \varepsilon -j\omega \mu \sigma k2=ω2με−jωμσ：
其中==(PPE)==式推导见跳转到推导2
∇ 2 E ⃗ + k 2 E ⃗ = 0 (PPE) \colorbox{cyan}{$\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}+k^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=0$}\tag{PPE} ∇2E+k2E=0(PPE)
∇ 2 H ⃗ + k 2 H ⃗ = 0 (PPH) \colorbox{cyan}{$\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}+k^2\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=0$}\tag{PPH} ∇2H+k2H=0(PPH)
第三章——边界条件方程
1、边界条件方程
{ n ^ × E ⃗ = 0 E t = 0 { n ^ ⋅ D ⃗ = ρ S D n = ρ S { n ^ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 B n = 0 { n ^ × H ⃗ = J ⃗ S H t = J S (3.1.1) \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=0\\ E_t=0\\ \end{array} \right. \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\rho _S\\ D_n=\rho _S\\ \end{array} \right. \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=0\\ B_n=0\\ \end{array} \right. \left\{ \begin{array}{r} \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_S\\ H_t=\,\,J_S\\ \end{array} \right. \tag{3.1.1} {n^×E=0Et=0{n^⋅D=ρSDn=ρS{n^⋅B=0Bn=0{n^×H=JSHt=JS(3.1.1)
因此：
-
理想导体外侧的电场E必垂直于导体表面，且KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …colorbox{cyan}{D_n=\rho _SKaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 1: }̲
-
理想导体外侧的磁场H必平行于导体表面，且KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …colorbox{cyan}{H_t=J_SKaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 1: }̲
第四章——静电场
1、对称/非对称场结论
有限/无限长直导线：
{
E
/
/
=
λ
4
π
ε
a
(
sin
θ
2
−
sin
θ
1
)
E
⊥
=
λ
4
π
ε
a
(
cos
θ
1
−
cos
θ
2
)
\begin{cases} E_{/\!/}=\frac{\lambda}{4\pi \varepsilon a}\left( \sin \theta _2-\sin \theta _1 \right)\\ E_{\bot}=\frac{\lambda}{4\pi \varepsilon a}\left( \cos \theta _1-\cos \theta _2 \right)\\ \end{cases}
{E//=4πεaλ(sinθ2−sinθ1)E⊥=4πεaλ(cosθ1−cosθ2)
{ E ⃗ r → ∞ = λ 2 π ε r r ^ U = ln r (4.1.1) \begin{cases} \displaystyle\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_{r\to \infty}=\frac{\lambda}{2\pi \varepsilon r}\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}$}\\ \displaystyle U=\ln r\\\end{cases}\tag{4.1.1} ⎩⎨⎧Er→∞=2πεrλr^U=lnr(4.1.1)
有限/无限大圆盘：
E
⃗
=
λ
2
ε
(
1
−
x
R
2
+
x
2
)
x
^
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\frac{\lambda}{2\varepsilon }\left( 1-\frac{x}{\sqrt{R^2+x^2}} \right)\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}
E=2ελ(1−R2+x2x)x^
E ⃗ r → ∞ = λ 2 ε x ^ (4.1.2) \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_{r\to \infty}=\frac{\lambda}{2\varepsilon }\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}$}\tag{4.1.2} Er→∞=2ελx^(4.1.2)
对称均匀球：
{
E
⃗
=
{
q
r
4
π
ε
R
3
r
^
,
r
<
R
q
4
π
ε
r
2
,
r
>
R
U
=
{
(
3
q
8
π
ε
R
−
q
r
2
8
π
ε
0
R
3
)
r
^
,
r
<
R
q
4
π
ε
r
,
r
>
R
(4.1.3)
\begin{cases} \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\begin{cases} \displaystyle\frac{qr}{4\pi \varepsilon R^3}\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}&,r<R\\ \displaystyle\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{q}{4\pi \varepsilon r^2}$}&,r>R\\\end{cases}\\ U=\begin{cases} \displaystyle\left(\frac{3q}{8\pi \varepsilon R}-\frac{qr^2}{8\pi \varepsilon _0R^3}\right)\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}&,r<R\\ \displaystyle\frac{q}{4\pi \varepsilon r}&,r>R\\\end{cases}\\\end{cases}\tag{4.1.3}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧E=⎩⎨⎧4πεR3qrr^4πεr2q,r<R,r>RU=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧(8πεR3q−8πε0R3qr2)r^4πεrq,r<R,r>R(4.1.3)
半径R的圆环中垂线：
{
E
⃗
=
q
x
4
π
ε
(
x
2
+
R
2
)
3
2
x
^
U
=
q
4
π
ε
(
x
2
+
R
2
)
1
2
(4.1.4)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\frac{qx}{4\pi \varepsilon \left( x^2+R^2 \right) ^{\frac{3}{2}}}\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}$}\\ \displaystyle U=\frac{q}{4\pi \varepsilon \left( x^2+R^2 \right) ^{\frac{1}{2}}}\\\end{cases}\tag{4.1.4}
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧E=4πε(x2+R2)23qxx^U=4πε(x2+R2)21q(4.1.4)
2、电偶极子
电偶极距：
p
⃗
=
Q
l
⃗
(4.2.1)
\boldsymbol{\vec{p}}=Q\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}\tag{4.2.1}
p=Ql(4.2.1)
U = p ⃗ ⋅ r ⃗ 4 π ε r 3 = p cos θ 4 π ε r 2 (4.2.2) \colorbox{cyan}{$U$}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{p}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{r}}}{4\pi \varepsilon r^3}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{p\cos \theta}{4\pi \varepsilon r^2}$}\tag{4.2.2} U=4πεr3p⋅r=4πεr2pcosθ(4.2.2)
E ⃗ = − ∇ U = − ( r ^ ∂ U ∂ r + θ ^ 1 r ∂ U ∂ θ ) = p 4 π ε r 3 ( r ^ 2 cos θ + θ ^ sin θ ) (4.2.3) \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}$}=-\nabla U=-\left( \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\frac{\partial U}{\partial r}+\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial U}{\partial \theta} \right) =\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{p}{4\pi \varepsilon r^3}\left( \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}2\cos \theta +\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\sin \theta \right)$}\tag{4.2.3} E=−∇U=−(r^∂r∂U+θ^r1∂θ∂U)=4πεr3p(r^2cosθ+θ^sinθ)(4.2.3)
电转矩：
M
⃗
=
p
⃗
×
E
⃗
(4.2.4)
\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{p}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\tag{4.2.4}
M=p×E(4.2.4)
3、电极化
体极化电荷：
ρ
p
(
V
)
=
−
∇
⋅
P
⃗
(4.3.1)
\rho _{p\left( V \right)}=-\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{P}}\tag{4.3.1}
ρp(V)=−∇⋅P(4.3.1)
面极化电荷（其中
n
^
\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}
n^为自己指向外面）：
ρ
p
(
S
)
=
n
^
⋅
P
⃗
(4.3.2)
\rho _{p\left( S \right)}=\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{P}}\tag{4.3.2}
ρp(S)=n^⋅P(4.3.2)
D、E、P关系：
P
⃗
=
χ
e
ε
0
E
⃗
D
⃗
=
ε
0
E
⃗
+
P
⃗
ε
r
=
1
+
χ
e
}
⇒
P
⃗
=
ε
r
−
1
ε
r
D
⃗
(4.3.3)
\left.\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{\vec{P}}=\chi _e\varepsilon _0\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\\\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\varepsilon_0\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}+\boldsymbol{\vec{P}}\\\varepsilon _r=1+\chi _e\end{array}\right\}\Rightarrow \boldsymbol{\vec{P}}=\frac{\varepsilon _r-1}{\varepsilon _r}\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\tag{4.3.3}
P=χeε0ED=ε0E+Pεr=1+χe⎭⎬⎫⇒P=εrεr−1D(4.3.3)
极化电荷与原场关系：
ρ
p
=
(
1
−
ε
r
ε
r
)
ρ
+
D
⃗
⋅
∇
(
1
ε
r
)
=
ε
r
=
const
(
1
−
ε
r
ε
r
)
ρ
(4.3.4)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\rho _p$}=\left( \frac{1-\varepsilon _r}{\varepsilon _r} \right) \rho +\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\cdot \nabla \left( \frac{1}{\varepsilon _r} \right) \xlongequal{\varepsilon _r=\text{const}}\colorbox{cyan}{$\left( \frac{1-\varepsilon _r}{\varepsilon _r} \right) \rho$}\tag{4.3.4}
ρp=(εr1−εr)ρ+D⋅∇(εr1)εr=const(εr1−εr)ρ(4.3.4)
4、静电场的哈密顿算符/边界方程
边界方程：
D的法向分量（方向为2指向1）：
n
^
⋅
(
D
⃗
1
−
D
⃗
2
)
=
ρ
S
(4.4.1)
\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\cdot \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}_1-\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}_2 \right) =\rho _S\tag{4.4.1}
n^⋅(D1−D2)=ρS(4.4.1)
E的切向分量为0：
n
^
×
(
E
⃗
1
−
E
⃗
2
)
=
0
(4.4.2)
\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\times \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_1-\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_2 \right) =0\tag{4.4.2}
n^×(E1−E2)=0(4.4.2)
光学性质（假设边界无自由电荷）：
如果2区是理想导体，那么1区电场夹角近似于0度，即与表面垂直，故分界面处处等势。
D
1
cos
θ
1
=
D
2
cos
θ
2
E
1
sin
θ
1
=
E
2
sin
θ
2
D
=
ε
E
}
⇒
tan
θ
1
tan
θ
2
=
ε
1
ε
2
(4.4.3)
\left.\begin{matrix}D_1\cos \theta _1=D_2\cos \theta _2\\E_1\sin \theta _1=E_2\sin \theta _2\\D=\varepsilon E\end{matrix}\right\}\Rightarrow\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\tan \theta _1}{\tan \theta _2}=\frac{\varepsilon _1}{\varepsilon _2}$}\tag{4.4.3}
D1cosθ1=D2cosθ2E1sinθ1=E2sinθ2D=εE⎭⎬⎫⇒tanθ2tanθ1=ε2ε1(4.4.3)
电位方程：
{
U
1
=
U
2
ε
1
∂
U
1
∂
n
=
ε
2
∂
U
2
∂
n
(4.4.4)
\begin{cases} U_1=U_2\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\varepsilon _1\frac{\partial U_1}{\partial n}=\varepsilon _2\frac{\partial U_2}{\partial n}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{4.4.4}
{U1=U2ε1∂n∂U1=ε2∂n∂U2(4.4.4)
由**(PPU)**可得泊松方程：
∇
2
U
=
−
ρ
ε
(4.4.5)
\nabla ^2U=-\frac{\rho}{\varepsilon }\tag{4.4.5}
∇2U=−ερ(4.4.5)
ρ = ρ s + ρ p { ∇ ⋅ D ⃗ = ρ s ∇ ⋅ E ⃗ = ρ ε 0 ∇ ⋅ P ⃗ = − ρ p ∇ ⋅ J ⃗ = − ∂ ρ ∂ t (4.4.6) \rho =\rho _s+\rho _p\begin{cases} \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\rho _s\\ \displaystyle \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0 }\\ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{P}}=-\rho _p\\ \displaystyle \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}=-\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}\end{cases}\tag{4.4.6} ρ=ρs+ρp⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧∇⋅D=ρs∇⋅E=ε0ρ∇⋅P=−ρp∇⋅J=−∂t∂ρ(4.4.6)
5、电场能量/电容
电场能量：
w
e
=
1
2
D
⃗
⋅
E
⃗
(4.5.1)
\colorbox{cyan}{$w_e=\frac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}$}\tag{4.5.1}
we=21D⋅E(4.5.1)
W e = 1 2 ∫ R ∞ D ⃗ ⋅ E ⃗ d V (4.5.2) W_e=\frac{1}{2}\int_{R_{\infty}}{\boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\,\text{d}V}\tag{4.5.2} We=21∫R∞D⋅EdV(4.5.2)
电容器：
C
=
Q
V
=
Q
∫
E
⋅
d
l
(4.5.3)
C=\frac{Q}{V}=\frac{Q}{\int E\cdot dl}\tag{4.5.3}
C=VQ=∫E⋅dlQ(4.5.3)
平行电容器：
E
⃗
=
r
^
Q
ε
0
ε
r
,
C
=
ε
0
ε
r
S
d
(4.5.4)
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\frac{Q}{\varepsilon _0\varepsilon _r},\colorbox{cyan}{$C=\frac{\varepsilon _0\varepsilon _rS}{d}$}\tag{4.5.4}
E=r^ε0εrQ,C=dε0εrS(4.5.4)
圆柱电容器：
E
⃗
=
r
^
Q
/
L
2
π
ε
0
ε
r
r
,
C
=
2
π
ε
0
ε
r
L
ln
(
R
2
/
R
1
)
(4.5.5)
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\frac{Q/L}{2\pi \varepsilon _0\varepsilon _rr},\colorbox{cyan}{$C=\frac{2\pi \varepsilon _0\varepsilon _rL}{\ln \left( R_2/R_1 \right)}$}\tag{4.5.5}
E=r^2πε0εrrQ/L,C=ln(R2/R1)2πε0εrL(4.5.5)
球形电容器：
E
⃗
=
r
^
Q
4
π
ε
0
ε
r
r
2
,
C
=
4
π
ε
0
ε
r
1
/
R
1
−
1
/
R
2
(4.5.6)
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\frac{Q}{4\pi \varepsilon _0\varepsilon _rr^2},\colorbox{cyan}{$C=\frac{4\pi \varepsilon _0\varepsilon _r}{1/R_1-1/R_2}$}\tag{4.5.6}
E=r^4πε0εrr2Q,C=1/R1−1/R24πε0εr(4.5.6)
孤立导体球：
E
⃗
=
r
^
Q
4
π
ε
r
2
,
C
=
4
π
ε
R
(4.5.7)
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\frac{Q}{4\pi \varepsilon r^2},\colorbox{cyan}{$C=4\pi \varepsilon R$}\tag{4.5.7}
E=r^4πεr2Q,C=4πεR(4.5.7)
6、n个导体平面相对
共要列2n个方程——
不接地平面：
-
1个方程导体内部场强为0
-
n-1个两道题间高斯面通量为0（即等量异号）
-
n个电荷守恒
接地平面：
接地部分电荷守恒方程变易为接地端电荷为0
第五章——恒定电流场
1、电导、电阻、电功率
定义电导率：
σ
=
N
e
2
τ
2
m
0
(5.1.1)
\sigma =\frac{Ne^2\tau}{2m_0}\tag{5.1.1}
σ=2m0Ne2τ(5.1.1)
J ⃗ = ρ m v ⃗ ρ m = N e v ⃗ = e E ⃗ m 0 τ } J ⃗ = N e 2 τ 2 m 0 E ⃗ = σ E ⃗ (5.1.2) \left. \begin{array}{r} \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}=\rho _m\boldsymbol{\vec{v}}\\ \rho _m=Ne\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{v}}=\frac{e\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}}{m_0}\tau\\ \end{array} \right\} \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}$}=\frac{Ne^2\tau}{2m_0}\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\sigma \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}$}\tag{5.1.2} J=ρmvρm=Nev=m0eEτ⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫J=2m0Ne2τE=σE(5.1.2)
低频欧姆定律：
R
=
∫
l
d
R
=
∫
l
d
l
σ
S
(5.1.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$R$}=\int_l{\text{d}R}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\int_l{\frac{\text{d}l}{\sigma S}}$}\tag{5.1.3}
R=∫ldR=∫lσSdl(5.1.3)
焦耳定律：
p
=
J
⃗
⋅
E
⃗
(5.1.4)
\colorbox{cyan}{$p=\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}$}\tag{5.1.4}
p=J⋅E(5.1.4)
P = ∫ V J ⃗ ⋅ E ⃗ ⋅ d V = ∫ S J ⃗ ⋅ d S ⃗ ∫ l E ⃗ ⋅ d l ⃗ = I U (5.1.5) P=\int_V{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\cdot \text{d}V}=\int_S{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}}\int_l{\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}}=IU\tag{5.1.5} P=∫VJ⋅E⋅dV=∫SJ⋅dS∫lE⋅dl=IU(5.1.5)
2、JDεσ对偶/恒定电流场边界条件
无外源恒流场 J ⃗ ↔ D ⃗ \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\leftrightarrow \boldsymbol{\vec{D}} J↔D、无电荷静电场 σ ↔ ε \sigma\leftrightarrow \varepsilon σ↔ε具有对偶关系
| 静电场（ρ=0） | E静 | U静 | D静 | Q静 | ε |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 恒定电场（电源外） | E恒 | U恒 | J恒 | I恒 | σ |
假设电场是恒定电流场，此时有： n ^ ⋅ ( J ⃗ 1 − J ⃗ 2 ) = 0 \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\cdot \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_1-\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_2 \right) =0 n^⋅(J1−J2)=0与 n ^ × ( E ⃗ 1 − E ⃗ 2 ) = 0 \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\times \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_1-\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_2 \right) =0 n^×(E1−E2)=0
J
1
cos
θ
1
=
J
2
cos
θ
2
E
1
sin
θ
1
=
E
2
sin
θ
2
J
=
σ
E
}
⇒
tan
θ
1
tan
θ
2
=
σ
1
σ
2
(5.2.1)
\left.\begin{matrix}J_1\cos \theta _1=J_2\cos \theta _2\\E_1\sin \theta _1=E_2\sin \theta _2\\J=\sigma E\end{matrix}\right\}\Rightarrow\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\tan \theta _1}{\tan \theta _2}=\frac{\sigma _1}{\sigma _2}$}\tag{5.2.1}
J1cosθ1=J2cosθ2E1sinθ1=E2sinθ2J=σE⎭⎬⎫⇒tanθ2tanθ1=σ2σ1(5.2.1)
如果2区是理想导体，那么1区电场夹角近似于0度，即与表面垂直，故分界面处处等势。
σ
1
∂
U
1
∂
n
=
σ
2
∂
U
2
∂
n
(5.2.2)
\sigma _1\frac{\partial U_1}{\partial n}=\sigma _2\frac{\partial U_2}{\partial n}\tag{5.2.2}
σ1∂n∂U1=σ2∂n∂U2(5.2.2)
R C = ε σ ⇔ C G = ε σ (5.2.3) RC=\frac{\varepsilon}{\sigma}\Leftrightarrow \colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{C}{G}=\frac{\varepsilon}{\sigma}$}\tag{5.2.3} RC=σε⇔GC=σε(5.2.3)
第六章——恒定磁场
1、对称/非对称场结论
F ⃗ = q ( E ⃗ + v ⃗ × B ⃗ ) (6.1.1) \boldsymbol{\vec{F}}=q\left( \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}+\boldsymbol{\vec{v}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{B}} \right)\tag{6.1.1} F=q(E+v×B)(6.1.1)
I d l ⃗ = J ⃗ d S d l = ρ v ⃗ d V = d Q v ⃗ (6.1.2) I\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\text{d}S\text{d}l=\rho \boldsymbol{\vec{v}}\text{d}V=\text{d}Q\boldsymbol{\vec{v}}\tag{6.1.2} Idl=JdSdl=ρvdV=dQv(6.1.2)
d B ⃗ = μ 4 π I d l ⃗ × R ^ R 2 = n ^ μ I sin θ 4 π r 2 d l = μ 4 π J ⃗ × R ^ R 2 d V (6.1.3) \colorbox{cyan}{$\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}$}=\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\frac{I\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}\times \boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^2}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\frac{\mu I\sin \theta}{4\pi r^2}\text{d}l$}=\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\times \boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^2}\text{d}V\tag{6.1.3} dB=4πμR2Idl×R^=n^4πr2μIsinθdl=4πμR2J×R^dV(6.1.3)
H ⃗ = B ⃗ μ = B ⃗ μ 0 μ r (6.1.4) \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}}{\mu}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}}{\mu _0\mu _{\boldsymbol{r}}}\tag{6.1.4} H=μB=μ0μrB(6.1.4)
有限/无限长直导线：
B
⃗
=
μ
I
4
π
r
(
cos
θ
1
−
cos
θ
2
)
φ
^
\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=\frac{\mu I}{4\pi r}\left( \cos \theta _1-\cos \theta _2 \right)\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}
B=4πrμI(cosθ1−cosθ2)φ^
B ⃗ r → ∞ = μ I 2 π r φ ^ (6.1.5) \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}_{r\to \infty}=\frac{\mu I}{2\pi r}\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}$}\tag{6.1.5} Br→∞=2πrμIφ^(6.1.5)
圆环导线：
B
⃗
=
μ
I
R
2
2
(
R
2
+
z
2
)
3
2
z
^
\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=\frac{\mu IR^2}{2\left( R^2+z^2 \right) ^{\frac{3}{2}}}\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}
B=2(R2+z2)23μIR2z^
B ⃗ = μ I 2 R z ^ (6.1.6) \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=\frac{\mu I}{2R}\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}$}\tag{6.1.6} B=2RμIz^(6.1.6)
密绕螺绕环：
H
⃗
=
N
I
2
π
r
φ
^
=
n
I
φ
^
(6.2.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}$}=\frac{NI}{2\pi r}\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}=\colorbox{cyan}{$nI\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}$}\tag{6.2.3}
H=2πrNIφ^=nIφ^(6.2.3)
无限大带电平面：
H
⃗
=
1
2
J
s
φ
^
(6.2.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\frac12J_s\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}$}\tag{6.2.3}
H=21Jsφ^(6.2.3)
2、磁偶极子
磁偶极距：
m
⃗
=
n
^
N
I
S
(6.2.1)
\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}NIS\tag{6.2.1}
m=n^NIS(6.2.1)
磁偶极子的标量磁位：
U
m
=
m
⃗
⋅
R
^
4
π
R
2
=
N
I
S
cos
θ
4
π
R
2
(6.2.2)
\colorbox{cyan}{$U_m$}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{4\pi R^2}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{NIS\cos\theta}{4\pi R^2}$}\tag{6.2.2}
Um=4πR2m⋅R^=4πR2NIScosθ(6.2.2)
H ⃗ = − ∇ U m = − 1 4 π ∇ m ⃗ ⋅ R ^ R 2 = 1 4 π ∇ ( m ⃗ ⋅ ∇ 1 R ) (6.2.3) \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=-\nabla U_m=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\nabla \frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^2}=\frac{1}{4\pi}\nabla \left(\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}\cdot\nabla\frac1R\right)\tag{6.2.3} H=−∇Um=−4π1∇R2m⋅R^=4π1∇(m⋅∇R1)(6.2.3)
B ⃗ = μ H ⃗ = μ 4 π ( 3 m ⃗ ⋅ R ^ R 3 − m ⃗ R 3 ) = μ m 4 π r 3 ( r ^ 2 cos θ + θ ^ sin θ ) (6.2.4) \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}$}=\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\frac{\mu}{4\pi}\left( \frac{3\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^3}-\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}}{R^3} \right)=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\mu m}{4\pi r^3}\left( \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}2\cos \theta +\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\sin \theta \right)$}\tag{6.2.4} B=μH=4πμ(R33m⋅R^−R3m)=4πr3μm(r^2cosθ+θ^sinθ)(6.2.4)
A ⃗ = ∇ × μ m ⃗ 4 π R = μ 4 π m ⃗ × R ^ R 2 = μ I S sin θ 4 π R 2 (6.2.5) \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}$}=\nabla \times \frac{\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{m}}}{4\pi R}=\frac{\mu}{4\pi}\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}\times \boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^2}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\mu IS\sin \theta}{4\pi R^2}$}\tag{6.2.5} A=∇×4πRμm=4πμR2m×R^=4πR2μISsinθ(6.2.5)
磁转矩：
T
⃗
=
m
⃗
×
B
⃗
0
(6.2.6)
\boldsymbol{\vec{T}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{m}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}_0\tag{6.2.6}
T=m×B0(6.2.6)
3、磁位
恒定磁场矢量磁位：
由位函数定义==(2.1.1)、(2.1.3)== 可知： B ⃗ = ∇ × A ⃗ \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=\nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{A}} B=∇×A，并且满足库伦规范 ∇ ⋅ A ⃗ = 0 \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=0 ∇⋅A=0
由==(PPA)==可得：
∇
2
A
⃗
=
−
μ
J
⃗
(6.3.1)
\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=-\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}\tag{6.3.1}
∇2A=−μJ(6.3.1)
A ⃗ = μ 4 π ∫ S J ⃗ R ⋅ d S = μ I 4 π ∫ l d l ⃗ R (6.3.2) \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\int_S{\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}}{R}\cdot \text{d}S}=\frac{\mu I}{4\pi}\int_l{\frac{\boldsymbol{\text{d}\vec{l}}}{R}}\tag{6.3.2} A=4πμ∫SRJ⋅dS=4πμI∫lRdl(6.3.2)
d A ⃗ = μ J ⃗ 4 π R d S = μ I 4 π R d l ⃗ \colorbox{cyan}{$\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\frac{\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}}{4\pi R}\text{d}S=\frac{\mu I}{4\pi R}\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}$} dA=4πRμJdS=4πRμIdl
无电流区域（
∇
×
H
⃗
=
0
\nabla\times\boldsymbol{\vec H}=0
∇×H=0）标量磁位：
H
⃗
=
−
∇
U
m
(6.3.3)
\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=-\nabla U_m\tag{6.3.3}
H=−∇Um(6.3.3)
4、磁化
M ⃗ = χ m H ⃗ H ⃗ = 1 μ 0 B ⃗ − M ⃗ μ r = 1 + χ m } ⇒ M ⃗ = ( 1 + χ m ) H ⃗ (6.4.1) \left.\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{\vec{M}}=\chi _m\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\frac1{\mu_0}\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}-\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\\ \mu _r=1+\chi _m\end{array}\right\}\Rightarrow \boldsymbol{\vec{M}}=(1+\chi_m)\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}\tag{6.4.1} M=χmHH=μ01B−Mμr=1+χm⎭⎬⎫⇒M=(1+χm)H(6.4.1)
磁介质矢量磁位1：
d
A
⃗
=
μ
4
π
M
⃗
×
R
^
R
2
d
V
=
μ
4
π
M
⃗
×
∇
(
1
R
)
d
V
(6.4.2)
\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\times \frac{\boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^2}\text{d}V=\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\times \nabla \left( \frac{1}{R} \right) \text{d}V\tag{6.4.2}
dA=4πμM×R2R^dV=4πμM×∇(R1)dV(6.4.2)
A ⃗ = μ 4 π ∫ V ∇ × M ⃗ R d V + μ 4 π ∫ S M ⃗ × n ^ R d S (6.4.3) \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\int_V{\frac{\nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{M}}}{R}\text{d}V}+\frac{\mu }{4\pi}\int_S{\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\times \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}}{R}\text{d}S}\tag{6.4.3} A=4πμ∫VR∇×MdV+4πμ∫SRM×n^dS(6.4.3)
体磁化电流密度：
J
⃗
m
=
∇
×
M
⃗
(6.4.4)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_m=\nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{M}}$}\tag{6.4.4}
Jm=∇×M(6.4.4)
面磁化电流密度：
J
⃗
m
S
=
M
⃗
×
n
^
(6.4.5)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_{mS}=\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\times \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}$}\tag{6.4.5}
JmS=M×n^(6.4.5)
磁介质矢量磁位2：
A
⃗
=
μ
0
4
π
∫
V
J
⃗
m
R
d
V
+
μ
0
4
π
∮
S
J
⃗
m
S
R
d
S
(6.4.6)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\int_V{\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_m}{R}\text{d}V}+\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\oint_S{\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_{mS}}{R}\text{d}S}$}\tag{6.4.6}
A=4πμ0∫VRJmdV+4πμ0∮SRJmSdS(6.4.6)
磁介质标量磁位1：
d
U
m
=
μ
0
4
π
M
⃗
⋅
R
^
R
2
d
V
=
μ
0
4
π
M
⃗
⋅
∇
(
1
R
)
d
V
(6.4.7)
\text{d}U_m=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\cdot \frac{\boldsymbol{\hat{R}}}{R^2}\text{d}V=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\cdot \nabla \left( \frac{1}{R} \right) \text{d}V\tag{6.4.7}
dUm=4πμ0M⋅R2R^dV=4πμ0M⋅∇(R1)dV(6.4.7)
U m = 1 4 π ∫ V − ∇ ⋅ M ⃗ R d V ’ + 1 4 π ∫ S M ⃗ ⋅ n ^ R d S (6.4.8) U_m=\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_V{\frac{-\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{M}}}{R}\text{d}V’}+\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_S{\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}}{R}\text{d}S}\tag{6.4.8} Um=4π1∫VR−∇⋅MdV’+4π1∫SRM⋅n^dS(6.4.8)
磁荷体密度：
ρ
m
=
−
∇
⋅
M
⃗
(6.4.9)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\rho _m=-\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{M}}$}\tag{6.4.9}
ρm=−∇⋅M(6.4.9)
磁荷面密度：
ρ
m
S
=
M
⃗
⋅
n
^
(6.4.10)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\rho _{mS}=\boldsymbol{\vec{M}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}$}\tag{6.4.10}
ρmS=M⋅n^(6.4.10)
U m = μ 0 4 π ∫ V ρ m R d V + μ 0 4 π ∮ S ρ m S R d S (6.4.11) \colorbox{cyan}{$U_m=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\int_V{\frac{\rho _m}{R}\text{d}V}+\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\oint_S{\frac{\rho _{mS}}{R}\text{d}S}$}\tag{6.4.11} Um=4πμ0∫VRρmdV+4πμ0∮SRρmSdS(6.4.11)
5、恒定磁场的哈密顿算符/边界方程
边界方程：
B的法向分量0：
n
^
⋅
(
B
⃗
1
−
B
⃗
2
)
=
0
(6.5.1)
\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\cdot \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}_1-\boldsymbol{\vec{B}}_2 \right) =0\tag{6.5.1}
n^⋅(B1−B2)=0(6.5.1)
H的切向分量为
J
⃗
S
\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_S
JS：
n
^
×
(
H
⃗
1
−
H
⃗
2
)
=
J
⃗
S
(6.5.2)
\boldsymbol{\hat{n}}\times \left( \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}_1-\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}_2 \right) =\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}_S\tag{6.5.2}
n^×(H1−H2)=JS(6.5.2)
光学性质（假设边界无自由电荷）：
如果2区是理想铁磁导体，那么1区电场夹角近似于0度，即与表面平行，铁磁介质的磁场矢量与分界面平行。
B
1
cos
θ
1
=
B
2
cos
θ
2
H
1
sin
θ
1
=
H
2
sin
θ
2
B
=
μ
H
}
⇒
tan
θ
1
tan
θ
2
=
μ
1
μ
2
(6.5.3)
\left.\begin{matrix}B_1\cos \theta _1=B_2\cos \theta _2\\H_1\sin \theta _1=H_2\sin \theta _2\\B=\mu H\end{matrix}\right\}\Rightarrow\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\tan \theta _1}{\tan \theta _2}=\frac{\mu _1}{\mu _2}$}\tag{6.5.3}
B1cosθ1=B2cosθ2H1sinθ1=H2sinθ2B=μH⎭⎬⎫⇒tanθ2tanθ1=μ2μ1(6.5.3)
电位方程：
{
U
m
1
=
U
m
2
μ
1
∂
U
m
1
∂
n
=
μ
2
∂
U
m
2
∂
n
A
⃗
1
=
A
⃗
2
(6.5.4)
\begin{cases} U_{m1}=U_{m2}\\ \mu _1\frac{\partial U_{m1}}{\partial n}=\mu _2\frac{\partial U_{m2}}{\partial n}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}_1=\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}_2\\ \end{cases}\tag{6.5.4}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧Um1=Um2μ1∂n∂Um1=μ2∂n∂Um2A1=A2(6.5.4)
由(PPA)可得泊松方程：
∇
2
U
=
−
μ
J
⃗
(6.5.5)
\nabla ^2U=-\mu\boldsymbol{\vec J} \tag{6.5.5}
∇2U=−μJ(6.5.5)
6、磁场能量/磁阻
磁场能量：
w
=
1
2
B
⃗
⋅
H
⃗
(6.6.1)
\colorbox{cyan}{$w=\frac12\boldsymbol{\vec B}\cdot\boldsymbol{\vec H}$}\tag{6.6.1}
w=21B⋅H(6.6.1)
对于大半径为
r
0
r_0
r0、小内径为a、有d缝隙的环形铁芯，若其
a
≪
r
0
,
d
≪
a
,
μ
≫
μ
0
a\ll r_0,d\ll a,\mu\gg\mu_0
a≪r0,d≪a,μ≫μ0，在其绕上N匝电流为I的线圈。
定义磁阻：
R
m
=
2
π
r
0
+
μ
r
d
μ
S
(6.6.2)
R_m=\frac{2\pi r_0+\mu _rd}{\mu S}\tag{6.6.2}
Rm=μS2πr0+μrd(6.6.2)
则回路满足：
Φ
m
R
m
=
N
I
(6.6.3)
\varPhi _mR_m=NI\tag{6.6.3}
ΦmRm=NI(6.6.3)
其中称
E
m
=
N
I
\mathscr{E}_m=NI
Em=NI为回路的磁动势。
7、自感
单位长度匝数为
n
n
n、截面积为
S
S
S、长度为
l
l
l的长直螺线管自感：
{
Φ
m
=
μ
n
I
S
Ψ
=
n
I
Φ
m
=
μ
n
2
I
S
l
=
μ
n
2
I
V
L
=
Ψ
I
=
μ
n
2
V
(6.7.1)
\begin{cases} \varPhi _m=\mu nIS\\ \varPsi =nI\varPhi _m=\mu n^2ISl=\mu n^2IV\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$L=\frac{\varPsi}{I}=\mu n^2V$}\\\end{cases}\tag{6.7.1}
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧Φm=μnISΨ=nIΦm=μn2ISl=μn2IVL=IΨ=μn2V(6.7.1)
N
N
N匝密绕螺线管自感：
L
=
N
2
L
0
(6.7.2)
\colorbox{cyan}{$L=N^2L_0$}\tag{6.7.2}
L=N2L0(6.7.2)
两电感串联顺接：KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …colorbox{cyan}{L_1+L_2+2MKaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 1: }̲，反接：KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …colorbox{cyan}{L_1+L_2-2MKaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 1: }̲
多匝线圈总互感：
M
=
∑
i
∑
j
M
i
j
(6.7.3)
M=\sum_i\sum_jM_{ij}\tag{6.7.3}
M=i∑j∑Mij(6.7.3)
长为
l
l
l的圆截面导线自感为：
{
L
=
μ
l
8
π
L
0
=
μ
8
π
(6.7.4)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle L=\frac{\mu l}{8\pi}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$L_0=\frac{\mu}{8\pi}$}\\\end{cases}\tag{6.7.4}
⎩⎨⎧L=8πμlL0=8πμ(6.7.4)
双线传输线单位长度自感为（距离为
D
D
D，导线半径为
a
a
a）：
L
0
=
μ
a
ln
D
−
a
a
+
μ
4
π
⏟
內
自
感
(6.7.5)
L_0=\frac{\mu}a\ln\frac{D-a}a+\underbrace{\frac{\mu}{4\pi}}_{內自感}\tag{6.7.5}
L0=aμlnaD−a+內自感
4πμ(6.7.5)
若式==(6.7.5)==的
D
≫
a
D\gg a
D≫a：
L
0
≈
μ
a
ln
D
a
\colorbox{cyan}{$L_0\approx\frac{\mu}a\ln\frac{D}a$}
L0≈aμlnaD
磁导率为
μ
\mu
μ的圆柱同轴导体，中间夹有
μ
0
\mu_0
μ0的真空层，内导体半径为
a
a
a，外导体内径为
b
b
b，外径为
c
c
c，求单位长度的电感：
L
0
=
μ
8
π
⏟
内
导
体
內
自
感
+
μ
2
π
[
c
4
(
c
2
−
b
2
)
ln
c
b
−
3
c
2
−
b
2
4
(
c
2
−
b
2
)
]
⏟
外
导
体
內
自
感
+
μ
0
2
π
ln
b
a
⏟
外
自
感
(6.7.6)
L_0=\underbrace{\frac{\mu}{8\pi}}_{内导体內自感}+\underbrace{\frac{\mu}{2\pi}\left[ \frac{c^4}{\left( c^2-b^2 \right)}\ln \frac{c}{b}-\frac{3c^2-b^2}{4\left( c^2-b^2 \right)} \right] }_{外导体內自感}+\underbrace{\frac{\mu _0}{2\pi}\ln \frac{b}{a}}_{外自感}\tag{6.7.6}
L0=内导体內自感
8πμ+外导体內自感
2πμ[(c2−b2)c4lnbc−4(c2−b2)3c2−b2]+外自感
2πμ0lnab(6.7.6)
当
b
≫
a
b\gg a
b≫a且
b
≈
c
b\approx c
b≈c时，外自感占主要：
L
≈
μ
0
2
π
ln
b
a
\colorbox{cyan}{$L\approx\frac{\mu _0}{2\pi}\ln \frac{b}{a}$}
L≈2πμ0lnab
第七章——静态场边值问题
1、平面电场镜像
设 z > 0 z>0 z>0的全空间充满 ε 1 \varepsilon_1 ε1介质， z < 0 z<0 z<0的全空间充满 ε 2 \varepsilon_2 ε2介质。并且在== ( 0 , 0 , h ) (0,0,h) (0,0,h)处放有点电荷 q 0 q_0 q0==，则：
- 对于== z > 0 z>0 z>0区域==，等效于在 ( 0 , 0 , − h ) (0,0,-h) (0,0,−h)处放有点电荷 q 1 q_1 q1，其场为 q 0 q_0 q0与 q 1 q_1 q1的叠加
- 对于== z < 0 z<0 z<0区域==，等效于在 ( 0 , 0 , h ) (0,0,h) (0,0,h)处放有点电荷 q 2 q_2 q2，其场为 q 2 q_2 q2一个电荷产生的电场
通过推导（跳转到推导3），可以得到结论：
{ q 1 = ε 1 − ε 2 ε 1 + ε 2 q 0 q 2 = 2 ε 2 ε 1 + ε 2 q 0 (7.1.1) \begin{cases} \displaystyle q_1=\frac{\varepsilon _1-\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}q_0\\ \displaystyle q_2=\frac{2\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}q_0\\ \end{cases}\tag{7.1.1} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧q1=ε1+ε2ε1−ε2q0q2=ε1+ε22ε2q0(7.1.1)
特别地，当 z < 0 z<0 z<0的全空间充满 ε 2 → ∞ \varepsilon_2\to\infty ε2→∞的理想导体时： q 1 = − q 0 q_1=-q_0 q1=−q0
2、平面磁场镜像
与平面电场镜像类似地，考虑到电磁对偶关系，做替换
ε
→
1
μ
\varepsilon\to\frac1\mu
ε→μ1：
{
I
1
=
μ
2
−
μ
1
ε
1
+
ε
2
I
0
I
2
=
2
μ
1
μ
1
+
μ
2
I
0
(7.2.1)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle I_1=\frac{\mu _2-\mu _1}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}I_0\\ \displaystyle I_2=\frac{2\mu _1}{\mu _1+\mu _2}I_0\\ \end{cases}\tag{7.2.1}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧I1=ε1+ε2μ2−μ1I0I2=μ1+μ22μ1I0(7.2.1)
3、实心导体球镜像
假设在半径为 a a a的导体球外， ( d , 0 , 0 ) (d,0,0) (d,0,0)处有一个点电荷 q 0 q_0 q0，则：
- 若导体球接地，则在 ( a 2 d , 0 , 0 ) \displaystyle\left( \frac{a^2}{d},0,0 \right) (da2,0,0)处将感应出 q 1 = − a d q 0 \displaystyle q_1=-\frac adq_0 q1=−daq0的电荷，其场为 q 0 q_0 q0与 q 1 q_1 q1的叠加
- 若导体球不接地，则在 ( a 2 d , 0 , 0 ) \displaystyle\left( \frac{a^2}{d},0,0 \right) (da2,0,0)处将感应出 q 1 = − a d q 0 \displaystyle q_1=-\frac adq_0 q1=−daq0的电荷，并且在球心处感应出 q 2 = q s + a d q 0 \displaystyle q_2=q_s+\frac adq_0 q2=qs+daq0的电荷，其中 q s q_s qs是导体球自带的电荷，其场为 q 0 q_0 q0与 q 1 q_1 q1与 q 2 q_2 q2的叠加
(考虑到导体球电势等于不加导体球时原导体球心的电势）
4、圆柱面镜像
假设在半径为 a a a的圆柱导体外， ( d , 0 , 0 ) (d,0,0) (d,0,0)处有一个点电荷 ρ 0 \rho_0 ρ0，则：
- 若圆柱导体接地，则在 ( a 2 d , 0 , 0 ) \displaystyle\left( \frac{a^2}{d},0,0 \right) (da2,0,0)处将感应出 ρ 1 = − ρ 0 \displaystyle \rho_1=-\rho_0 ρ1=−ρ0的电荷，其场为 ρ 0 \rho_0 ρ0与 ρ 1 \rho_1 ρ1的叠加
- 若圆柱导体不接地，则在 ( a 2 d , 0 , 0 ) \displaystyle\left( \frac{a^2}{d},0,0 \right) (da2,0,0)处将感应出 ρ 1 = − ρ 0 \displaystyle \rho_1=-\rho_0 ρ1=−ρ0的电荷，并且在球心处感应出 ρ 2 = ρ s + ρ 0 \displaystyle \rho_2=\rho_s+\rho_0 ρ2=ρs+ρ0的电荷，其中 q s q_s qs是导体球自带的电荷，其场为 ρ 0 \rho_0 ρ0与 ρ 1 \rho_1 ρ1与 ρ 2 \rho_2 ρ2的叠加
5、两圆柱电容
在== ( − d , 0 ) (-d,0) (−d,0)、 ( d , 0 ) (d,0) (d,0)处分别有一个半径为 a a a的导体柱==，求它们之间的电容：
- 不妨令 b = d 2 − a 2 b=\sqrt{d^2-a^2} b=d2−a2，设右端带负电 − ρ l -\rho_l −ρl，则在 ( ± b , 0 ) (\pm b,0) (±b,0)处会感应出感应电荷 ± ρ l \pm\rho_l ±ρl
U 负 = ρ l 2 π ε 0 ln d + d 2 − a 2 a (7.4.1) U_负=\frac{\rho_l}{2\pi\varepsilon_0}\ln\frac{d+\sqrt{d^2-a^2}}a\tag{7.4.1} U负=2πε0ρllnad+d2−a2(7.4.1)
C 0 = ρ l V = π ε 0 ln d + d 2 − a 2 a (7.4.2) \colorbox{cyan}{$C_0$}=\frac{\rho_l}V=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\pi\varepsilon_0}{\ln\frac{d+\sqrt{d^2-a^2}}a}$}\tag{7.4.2} C0=Vρl=lnad+d2−a2πε0(7.4.2)
当
d
≫
a
d\gg a
d≫a时，令
D
=
2
d
D=2d
D=2d：
C
0
≈
π
ε
0
ln
D
a
(7.4.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$C_0\approx \frac{\pi\varepsilon_0}{\ln\frac{D}a}$}\tag{7.4.3}
C0≈lnaDπε0(7.4.3)
第八章——正弦电磁场
1、正弦场量
复场矢量采用Einstein求和约定（对指标x求和）：
E
⃗
=
E
⃗
0
e
−
j
k
⃗
⋅
r
⃗
=
∑
x
(
E
0
x
e
j
φ
x
x
^
)
(
e
−
j
(
k
x
x
)
)
(8.1.1)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_0\text{e}^{-j\boldsymbol{\vec{k}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{r}}}$}=\sum_x{\left( E_{0x}\text{e}^{j\varphi _x}\boldsymbol{\hat{x}} \right) \left( \text{e}^{-j\left( k_xx \right)} \right)}\tag{8.1.1}
E=E0e−jk⋅r=x∑(E0xejφxx^)(e−j(kxx))(8.1.1)
其中：
{
k
⃗
=
k
x
x
^
+
k
y
y
^
+
k
z
z
^
r
⃗
=
x
x
^
+
y
y
^
+
z
z
^
E
⃗
0
=
E
0
x
e
j
φ
x
x
^
+
E
0
y
e
j
φ
y
y
^
+
E
0
z
e
j
φ
z
z
^
(8.1.2)
\begin{cases} \boldsymbol{\vec{k}}=k_x\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}+k_y\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}+k_z\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{r}}=x\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}+y\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}+z\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_0=E_{0x}\text{e}^{j\varphi _x}\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}+E_{0y}\text{e}^{j\varphi _y}\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}+E_{0z}\text{e}^{j\varphi _z}\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.1.2}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧k=kxx^+kyy^+kzz^r=xx^+yy^+zz^E0=E0xejφxx^+E0yejφyy^+E0zejφzz^(8.1.2)
瞬时场矢量（不妨设k、r只有z分量，且E只有x分量）：
E
⃗
(
t
)
=
Re
[
E
⃗
e
j
ω
t
]
=
x
^
E
0
x
cos
(
ω
t
+
φ
−
k
z
)
(8.1.3)
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\left( t \right) =\text{Re}\left[ \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\,\text{e}^{j\omega t} \right] =\boldsymbol{\hat{x}}E_{0x}\cos \left( \omega t+\varphi -kz \right)\tag{8.1.3}
E(t)=Re[Eejωt]=x^E0xcos(ωt+φ−kz)(8.1.3)
设媒质无耗散，则：
{
k
=
ω
μ
ε
=
ω
v
=
2
π
λ
v
=
1
μ
ε
η
=
μ
ε
μ
0
=
η
0
c
=
120
π
3
×
1
0
8
=
4
×
1
0
−
7
π
ε
0
=
1
c
η
0
=
1
360
π
×
1
0
8
(8.1.4)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle k=\omega \sqrt{\mu \varepsilon}=\frac{\omega}{v}=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\\ \displaystyle v=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu \varepsilon}}\\ \displaystyle \eta =\sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\mu _0$}=\frac{\eta _0}{c}=\frac{120\pi}{3\times 10^8}=\colorbox{cyan}{$4\times 10^{-7}\pi$}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\varepsilon _0$}=\frac{1}{c\eta _0}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{1}{360\pi \times 10^8}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.1.4}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧k=ωμε=vω=λ2πv=με1η=εμμ0=cη0=3×108120π=4×10−7πε0=cη01=360π×1081(8.1.4)
∇ ⋅ D ⃗ = ρ (WD) \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}=\rho\tag{WD} ∇⋅D=ρ(WD)
∇ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 (WB) \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}=0\tag{WB} ∇⋅B=0(WB)
∇ × E ⃗ = − j ω B ⃗ (WE) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-j\omega \boldsymbol{\vec{B}}\tag{WE} ∇×E=−jωB(WE)
∇ × H ⃗ = J ⃗ + j ω D ⃗ (WH) \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{J}}+j\omega \boldsymbol{\vec{D}}\tag{WH} ∇×H=J+jωD(WH)
2、色散/坡印廷矢量
ε = ε ′ − j ε ′ ′ (8.2.1) \varepsilon=\varepsilon'-j\varepsilon''\tag{8.2.1} ε=ε′−jε′′(8.2.1)
等效复电容率：
ε
e
=
ε
0
[
ε
′
−
j
(
ε
′
′
+
σ
ε
0
ω
)
]
(8.2.2)
\varepsilon_e=\varepsilon_0\left[\varepsilon'-j\left(\varepsilon''+\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_0\omega}$}\right)\right]\tag{8.2.2}
εe=ε0[ε′−j(ε′′+ε0ωσ)](8.2.2)
瞬时坡印廷矢量：
S
⃗
(
t
)
=
E
⃗
×
H
⃗
(8.2.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}(t)=\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}$}\tag{8.2.3}
S(t)=E×H(8.2.3)
复坡印廷矢量：
S
⃗
=
1
2
E
⃗
×
H
⃗
∗
(8.2.4)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}=\frac12\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}^*$}\tag{8.2.4}
S=21E×H∗(8.2.4)
平均坡印廷矢量：
<
S
⃗
>
=
Re
[
1
2
E
⃗
×
H
⃗
∗
]
(8.2.5)
\colorbox{cyan}{$<\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}>=\text{Re}\left[ \frac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}^* \right]$} \tag{8.2.5}
<S>=Re[21E×H∗](8.2.5)
无功功率计算：
{
<
w
e
>
=
1
4
ε
′
E
2
<
w
m
>
=
1
4
μ
′
H
2
(8.2.6)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle <w_e>\,\,=\frac{1}{4}\varepsilon ' E^2\\ \displaystyle <w_m>=\frac{1}{4}\mu ' H^2\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.2.6}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧<we>=41ε′E2<wm>=41μ′H2(8.2.6)
3、k、E、H转换
{ k = ω μ ε = ω v = 2 π λ v = 1 μ ε η = μ ε μ 0 = η 0 c = 120 π 3 × 1 0 8 = 4 × 1 0 − 7 π ε 0 = 1 c η 0 = 1 360 π × 1 0 8 (8.3.1) \begin{cases} \displaystyle k=\omega \sqrt{\mu \varepsilon}=\frac{\omega}{v}=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\\ \displaystyle v=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu \varepsilon}}\\ \displaystyle \eta =\sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\mu _0$}=\frac{\eta _0}{c}=\frac{120\pi}{3\times 10^8}=\colorbox{cyan}{$4\times 10^{-7}\pi$}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\varepsilon _0$}=\frac{1}{c\eta _0}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{1}{360\pi \times 10^8}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.3.1} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧k=ωμε=vω=λ2πv=με1η=εμμ0=cη0=3×108120π=4×10−7πε0=cη01=360π×1081(8.3.1)
{ H ⃗ = ∇ × E ⃗ − ( j ω ) μ H ⃗ = k ⃗ × E ⃗ ω μ ⇒ E ⃗ = − k ⃗ × H ⃗ ω ε η = ω μ k = μ ε ⇒ H ⃗ = H ^ E η (8.3.2) \begin{cases} \displaystyle \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\frac{\nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}}{-\left( j\omega \right) \mu}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{k}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}}{\omega \mu}$}\Rightarrow \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{k}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}}{\omega \varepsilon}$}\\ \displaystyle \eta =\frac{\omega \mu}{k}=\sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}}\Rightarrow \colorbox{cyan}{$\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{H}}\frac{E}{\eta}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.3.2} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧H=−(jω)μ∇×EH=ωμk×E⇒E=−ωεk×Hη=kωμ=εμ⇒H=H^ηE(8.3.2)
平均坡印廷矢量：
<
S
⃗
>
=
E
⃗
⋅
E
⃗
∗
2
ω
μ
k
⃗
=
∣
E
∣
2
2
η
k
^
(8.3.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$<\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}>$}=\frac{\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}^*}{2\omega \mu}\boldsymbol{\vec{k}}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{|E|^2}{2\eta}\boldsymbol{\hat{k}}$}\tag{8.3.3}
<S>=2ωμE⋅E∗k=2η∣E∣2k^(8.3.3)
4、极化
不妨约定：
{
φ
x
y
=
φ
x
−
φ
y
E
1
=
E
x
(
z
0
,
t
)
E
x
m
E
2
=
E
y
(
z
0
,
t
)
E
y
m
E
x
(
z
0
,
t
)
=
E
x
m
cos
(
ω
t
−
k
z
+
φ
x
)
E
y
(
z
0
,
t
)
=
E
y
m
cos
(
ω
t
−
k
z
+
φ
y
)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle \varphi _{xy}=\varphi _x-\varphi _y\\ \displaystyle E_1=\frac{E_x\left( z_0,t \right)}{E_{xm}}\\ \displaystyle E_2=\frac{E_y\left( z_0,t \right)}{E_{ym}}\\ \displaystyle E_x\left( z_0,t \right) =E_{xm}\cos \left( \omega t-kz+\varphi _x \right)\\ \displaystyle E_y\left( z_0,t \right) =E_{ym}\cos \left( \omega t-kz+\varphi _y \right)\\ \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧φxy=φx−φyE1=ExmEx(z0,t)E2=EymEy(z0,t)Ex(z0,t)=Exmcos(ωt−kz+φx)Ey(z0,t)=Eymcos(ωt−kz+φy)
则矢端曲线方程：
E
1
2
−
2
E
1
E
2
cos
φ
x
y
+
E
2
2
=
sin
2
φ
x
y
(8.4.1)
E_{1}^{2}-2E_1E_2\cos \varphi _{xy}+E_{2}^{2}=\sin ^2\varphi _{xy}\tag{8.4.1}
E12−2E1E2cosφxy+E22=sin2φxy(8.4.1)
其中：
- 是线极化波的充要条件是 φ x y = 0 \varphi _{xy}=0 φxy=0或 φ x y = ± π \varphi _{xy}=\pm\pi φxy=±π
- 是右旋圆极化波的充要条件是 φ x y = π 2 \varphi _{xy}=\frac\pi2 φxy=2π
- 是左旋圆极化波的充要条件是 φ x y = − π 2 \varphi _{xy}=-\frac\pi2 φxy=−2π
5、波的衰减
复波矢量：
k
=
β
−
j
α
⇒
k
2
=
β
2
−
α
2
−
j
2
β
α
=
ω
2
μ
ε
−
j
ω
μ
σ
(8.5.1)
\quad\ \ \ \:\! k=\beta -j\alpha \\ \Rightarrow k^2=\beta ^2-\alpha ^2-j2\beta \alpha =\colorbox{yellow}{$\omega ^2\mu \varepsilon -j\omega \mu \sigma$}\tag{8.5.1}
k=β−jα⇒k2=β2−α2−j2βα=ω2με−jωμσ(8.5.1)
引入Q（Q越大，损耗越小，越接近理想电介质）：
Q
=
ω
ε
σ
=
J
d
x
J
c
x
(8.5.2)
\colorbox{cyan}{$Q=\frac{\omega \varepsilon}{\sigma}$}=\frac{J_{dx}}{J_{cx}}\tag{8.5.2}
Q=σωε=JcxJdx(8.5.2)
对于良好导体（
Q
≪
1
Q\ll1
Q≪1，焦耳损耗大）则衰减常数、波阻抗
η
\eta
η、透入深度
δ
\delta
δ：
{
δ
=
2
ω
μ
σ
β
=
ω
μ
ε
2
[
1
+
(
1
Q
)
2
+
1
]
1
2
=
Q
≪
1
1
δ
α
=
ω
μ
ε
2
[
1
+
(
1
Q
)
2
−
1
]
1
2
=
Q
≪
1
1
δ
η
=
ω
μ
k
=
μ
/
ε
1
−
j
1
Q
=
Q
≪
1
ω
μ
σ
e
j
π
4
(8.5.3)
\begin{cases} \colorbox{cyan}{$\delta =\sqrt{\frac{2}{\omega \mu \sigma}}$}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\beta$} =\omega \sqrt{\frac{\mu \varepsilon}{2}}\left[ \sqrt{1+\left( \frac{1}{Q} \right) ^2}+1 \right] ^{\frac{1}{2}}\colorbox{cyan}{$\xlongequal{Q\ll 1}\frac{1}{\delta}$}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\alpha$} =\omega \sqrt{\frac{\mu \varepsilon}{2}}\left[ \sqrt{1+\left( \frac{1}{Q} \right) ^2}-1 \right] ^{\frac{1}{2}}\colorbox{cyan}{$\xlongequal{Q\ll 1}\frac{1}{\delta}$}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\eta$} =\frac{\omega \mu}{k}=\frac{\sqrt{\mu /\varepsilon}}{\sqrt{1-j\frac{1}{Q}}}\colorbox{cyan}{$\xlongequal{Q\ll 1}\sqrt{\frac{\omega \mu}{\sigma}}\text{e}^{j\frac{\pi}{4}}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.5.3}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧δ=ωμσ2β=ω2με[1+(Q1)2+1]21Q≪1δ1α=ω2με[1+(Q1)2−1]21Q≪1δ1η=kωμ=1−jQ1μ/εQ≪1σωμej4π(8.5.3)
良好导体平均功率流密度/表面阻抗：
{
<
S
⃗
>
=
z
^
1
2
H
y
m
e
−
2
α
z
ω
μ
2
σ
R
s
=
ω
μ
2
σ
X
s
=
ω
μ
2
σ
Z
s
=
R
s
+
j
X
s
(8.5.4)
\begin{cases} <\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}>=\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\frac{1}{2}H_{ym}\text{e}^{-2\alpha z}\sqrt{\frac{\omega \mu}{2\sigma}}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$R_s=\sqrt{\frac{\omega \mu}{2\sigma}}$}\\ X_s=\sqrt{\frac{\omega \mu}{2\sigma}}\\ Z_s=R_s+jX_s\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.5.4}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧<S>=z^21Hyme−2αz2σωμRs=2σωμXs=2σωμZs=Rs+jXs(8.5.4)
6、极化波/驻波/折射反射
R为反射系数，T为折射系数：
垂直极化波（
E
⃗
⋅
n
^
=
0
\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}=0
E⋅n^=0）：
{
η
i
=
μ
i
ε
i
sin
θ
1
sin
θ
2
=
μ
1
ε
1
μ
2
ε
2
=
v
2
v
1
R
⊥
=
η
2
cos
θ
1
−
η
1
cos
θ
2
η
2
cos
θ
1
+
η
1
cos
θ
2
T
⊥
=
2
η
2
cos
θ
1
η
2
cos
θ
1
+
η
1
cos
θ
2
(8.6.1)
\begin{cases} \eta _i=\sqrt{\frac{\mu _i}{\varepsilon _i}}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\sin \theta _1}{\sin \theta _2}=\sqrt{\frac{\mu _1\varepsilon _1}{\mu _2\varepsilon _2}}$}=\frac{v_2}{v_1}\\ R_{\bot}=\frac{\eta _2\cos \theta _1-\eta _1\cos \theta _2}{\eta _2\cos \theta _1+\eta _1\cos \theta _2}\\ T_{\bot}=\frac{2\eta _2\cos \theta _1}{\eta _2\cos \theta _1+\eta _1\cos \theta _2}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.6.1}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧ηi=εiμisinθ2sinθ1=μ2ε2μ1ε1=v1v2R⊥=η2cosθ1+η1cosθ2η2cosθ1−η1cosθ2T⊥=η2cosθ1+η1cosθ22η2cosθ1(8.6.1)
平行极化波（
H
⃗
⋅
n
^
=
0
\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}\cdot \boldsymbol{\hat{n}}=0
H⋅n^=0）：
{
η
i
=
μ
i
ε
i
sin
θ
1
sin
θ
2
=
μ
1
ε
1
μ
2
ε
2
=
v
2
v
1
R
∥
=
η
1
cos
θ
1
−
η
2
cos
θ
2
η
1
cos
θ
1
+
η
2
cos
θ
2
T
∥
=
2
η
2
cos
θ
1
η
1
cos
θ
1
+
η
2
cos
θ
2
(8.6.2)
\begin{cases} \eta _i=\sqrt{\frac{\mu _i}{\varepsilon _i}}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\sin \theta _1}{\sin \theta _2}=\sqrt{\frac{\mu _1\varepsilon _1}{\mu _2\varepsilon _2}}$}=\frac{v_2}{v_1}\\ R_{\parallel}=\frac{\eta _1\cos \theta _1-\eta _2\cos \theta _2}{\eta _1\cos \theta _1+\eta _2\cos \theta _2}\\ T_{\parallel}=\frac{2\eta _2\cos \theta _1}{\eta _1\cos \theta _1+\eta _2\cos \theta _2}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.6.2}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧ηi=εiμisinθ2sinθ1=μ2ε2μ1ε1=v1v2R∥=η1cosθ1+η2cosθ2η1cosθ1−η2cosθ2T∥=η1cosθ1+η2cosθ22η2cosθ1(8.6.2)
反射系数（1->2垂直入射，令
θ
=
0
\theta=0
θ=0）：
R
=
(
R
⊥
)
∣
θ
=
0
=
η
2
−
η
1
η
2
+
η
1
(8.6.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$R$}=\left. \left( R_{\bot} \right) \right|_{\theta =0}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\eta _2-\eta _1}{\eta _2+\eta _1}$}\tag{8.6.3}
R=(R⊥)∣θ=0=η2+η1η2−η1(8.6.3)
E ⃗ 1 ( t ) = y ^ E m ( 1 + R ) cos ( ω t − k 1 z ) ⏟ 行 波 − y ^ E m 2 R sin k 1 z sin ω t ⏟ 驻 波 (8.6.4) \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_1\left( t \right) =\underbrace{\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}E_m\left( 1+R \right) \cos \left( \omega t-k_1z \right) }_{行波}-\underbrace{\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}E_m2R\sin k_1z\sin \omega t}_{驻波}\tag{8.6.4} E1(t)=行波 y^Em(1+R)cos(ωt−k1z)−驻波 y^Em2Rsink1zsinωt(8.6.4)
驻波比：
ρ
=
1
+
∣
R
∣
1
−
∣
R
∣
⇔
∣
R
∣
=
ρ
−
1
ρ
+
1
(8.6.5)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\rho=\frac{1+|R|}{1-|R|}$}\Leftrightarrow \colorbox{cyan}{$|R|=\frac{\rho-1}{\rho+1}$}\tag{8.6.5}
ρ=1−∣R∣1+∣R∣⇔∣R∣=ρ+1ρ−1(8.6.5)
{ < S ⃗ i > = z ^ E m 2 2 η 1 < S ⃗ r > = − z ^ E m 2 2 η 1 R 2 < S ⃗ t > = z ^ E m 2 2 η 2 T 2 (8.6.6) \begin{cases} <\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}_i>=\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\frac{E_{m}^{2}}{2\eta _1}\\ <\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}_r>=-\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\frac{E_{m}^{2}}{2\eta _1}R^2\\ <\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}_t>=\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}\frac{E_{m}^{2}}{2\eta _2}T^2\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.6.6} ⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧<Si>=z^2η1Em2<Sr>=−z^2η1Em2R2<St>=z^2η2Em2T2(8.6.6)
布儒斯特角（全折射）：
{
sin
θ
1
⊥
=
1
−
μ
1
ε
2
/
μ
2
ε
1
1
−
(
μ
1
/
μ
2
)
2
sin
θ
1
/
/
=
1
−
μ
2
ε
1
/
μ
1
ε
2
1
−
(
ε
1
/
ε
2
)
2
=
μ
1
=
μ
2
=
μ
0
1
1
+
ε
1
/
ε
2
(8.6.7)
\begin{cases} \sin \theta _{1\bot}=\sqrt{\frac{1-\mu _1\varepsilon _2/\mu _2\varepsilon _1}{1-\left( \mu _1/\mu _2 \right) ^2}}\\ \sin \theta _{1/\!/}=\sqrt{\frac{1-\mu _2\varepsilon _1/\mu _1\varepsilon _2}{1-\left( \varepsilon _1/\varepsilon _2 \right) ^2}}\xlongequal{\mu _1=\mu _2=\mu _0}\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon _1/\varepsilon _2}}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.6.7}
⎩⎨⎧sinθ1⊥=1−(μ1/μ2)21−μ1ε2/μ2ε1sinθ1//=1−(ε1/ε2)21−μ2ε1/μ1ε2μ1=μ2=μ01+ε1/ε21(8.6.7)
对于垂直极化波，如果μ1=μ2，则不可能全折射。
而对于平行极化波,如果μ1=μ2，则有布儒斯特角，以此入射则可发生全折射，可以用于起偏器，将圆极化光转化为偏振光：
sin
θ
B
/
/
=
1
1
+
ε
1
/
ε
2
=
ε
2
ε
1
+
ε
2
(8.6.8)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\sin \theta _{B/\!/}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon _1/\varepsilon _2}}=\sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}}$}\tag{8.6.8}
sinθB//=1+ε1/ε21=ε1+ε2ε2(8.6.8)
全反射临界角（大于临界角θ0则可以全反射），可用于将线极化波转化为圆极化波，以及介质波导：
sin
θ
0
=
μ
2
ε
2
μ
1
ε
1
=
v
1
v
2
(8.6.9)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\sin \theta _0=\sqrt{\frac{\mu _2\varepsilon _2}{\mu _1\varepsilon _1}}$}=\frac{v_1}{v_2}\tag{8.6.9}
sinθ0=μ1ε1μ2ε2=v2v1(8.6.9)
对于临界全反射（
∣
R
∣
=
1
|R|=1
∣R∣=1）而言，事实上
R
=
A
−
j
B
A
+
j
B
e
−
j
2
ψ
R=\frac{A-jB}{A+jB}\text{e}^{-j2 \psi}
R=A+jBA−jBe−j2ψ会引入一个相位滞后：
{
tan
ψ
⊥
=
η
1
η
2
1
cos
θ
1
ε
1
ε
2
sin
2
θ
1
−
1
tan
ψ
/
/
=
η
2
η
1
1
cos
θ
1
ε
1
ε
2
sin
2
θ
1
−
1
(8.6.10)
\begin{cases} \tan \psi _{\bot}=\frac{\eta _1}{\eta _2}\frac{1}{\cos \theta _1}\sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon _1}{\varepsilon _2}\sin ^2\theta _1-1}\\ \tan \psi _{/\!/}=\frac{\eta _2}{\eta _1}\frac{1}{\cos \theta _1}\sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon _1}{\varepsilon _2}\sin ^2\theta _1-1}\\ \end{cases}\tag{8.6.10}
⎩⎨⎧tanψ⊥=η2η1cosθ11ε2ε1sin2θ1−1tanψ//=η1η2cosθ11ε2ε1sin2θ1−1(8.6.10)
第九章——导行波
1、TE/TM波
设导波装置沿着
z
z
z轴，衰减常数为
γ
\gamma
γ，
k
2
=
ω
2
μ
ε
k^2=\omega^2\mu\varepsilon
k2=ω2με，则：
{
E
⃗
=
E
⃗
0
(
x
,
y
)
e
−
γ
z
=
(
x
^
E
0
x
+
y
^
E
0
y
+
z
^
E
0
z
)
e
−
γ
z
H
⃗
=
H
⃗
0
(
x
,
y
)
e
−
γ
z
=
(
x
^
H
0
x
+
y
^
H
0
y
+
z
^
H
0
z
)
e
−
γ
z
∇
×
H
⃗
=
j
ω
ε
E
⃗
∇
×
E
⃗
=
−
j
ω
μ
H
⃗
(9.1.1)
\begin{cases} \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\;\!=\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}_0\left( x,y \right) \text{e}^{-\gamma z}\;\!=\left( \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}E_{0x}+\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}E_{0y}+\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}E_{0z} \right) \text{e}^{-\gamma z}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\vec{H}}_0\left( x,y \right) \text{e}^{-\gamma z}=\left( \boldsymbol{\hat{x}}H_{0x}+\boldsymbol{\hat{y}}H_{0y}+\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}H_{0z} \right) \text{e}^{-\gamma z}\\ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=j\omega \varepsilon \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\\ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\,=-j\omega \mu \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.1.1}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧E=E0(x,y)e−γz=(x^E0x+y^E0y+z^E0z)e−γzH=H0(x,y)e−γz=(x^H0x+y^H0y+z^H0z)e−γz∇×H=jωεE∇×E=−jωμH(9.1.1)
对于各分量：
{
E
0
x
=
−
1
γ
2
+
k
2
(
γ
∂
E
0
z
∂
x
+
j
ω
μ
∂
H
0
z
∂
y
)
E
0
y
=
−
1
γ
2
+
k
2
(
−
γ
∂
E
0
z
∂
y
+
j
ω
μ
∂
H
0
z
∂
x
)
H
0
x
=
−
1
γ
2
+
k
2
(
j
ω
ε
∂
E
0
z
∂
y
−
γ
∂
H
0
z
∂
x
)
H
0
y
=
−
1
γ
2
+
k
2
(
j
ω
ε
∂
E
0
z
∂
x
+
γ
∂
H
0
z
∂
y
)
(9.1.2)
\begin{cases} E_{0x}=-\frac{1}{\gamma ^2+k^2}\left( \gamma \frac{\partial E_{0z}}{\partial x}+j\omega \mu \frac{\partial H_{0z}}{\partial y} \right)\\ E_{0y}=\phantom{-}\frac{1}{\gamma ^2+k^2}\left( -\gamma \frac{\partial E_{0z}}{\partial y}+j\omega \mu \frac{\partial H_{0z}}{\partial x} \right)\\ H_{0x}=\phantom{-}\frac{1}{\gamma ^2+k^2}\left( j\omega \varepsilon \frac{\partial E_{0z}}{\partial y}-\gamma \frac{\partial H_{0z}}{\partial x} \right)\\ H_{0y}=-\frac{1}{\gamma ^2+k^2}\left( j\omega \varepsilon \frac{\partial E_{0z}}{\partial x}+\gamma \frac{\partial H_{0z}}{\partial y} \right)\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.1.2}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧E0x=−γ2+k21(γ∂x∂E0z+jωμ∂y∂H0z)E0y=−γ2+k21(−γ∂y∂E0z+jωμ∂x∂H0z)H0x=−γ2+k21(jωε∂y∂E0z−γ∂x∂H0z)H0y=−γ2+k21(jωε∂x∂E0z+γ∂y∂H0z)(9.1.2)
传播常数：KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …colorbox{cyan}{\gamma=j\beta_{mn}KaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 1: }̲
截止频率
f
m
n
f_{mn}
fmn、截止波长
λ
m
n
\lambda_{mn}
λmn、相位常数
β
m
n
\beta_{mn}
βmn、相速度
v
p
v_{p}
vp、导波波长
λ
g
\lambda_{g}
λg：
{
f
m
n
=
1
2
μ
ε
(
m
/
a
)
2
+
(
n
/
b
)
2
=
v
2
(
m
/
a
)
2
+
(
n
/
b
)
2
λ
m
n
=
v
f
m
n
=
2
(
m
/
a
)
2
+
(
n
/
b
)
2
β
m
n
=
2
π
λ
1
−
(
f
m
n
/
f
)
2
=
2
π
λ
1
−
(
λ
/
λ
m
n
)
2
v
p
=
ω
β
m
n
=
v
1
−
(
f
m
n
/
f
)
2
=
v
1
−
(
λ
/
λ
m
n
)
2
λ
g
=
v
p
f
=
v
1
−
(
f
m
n
/
f
)
2
=
λ
1
−
(
λ
/
λ
m
n
)
2
(9.1.3)
\begin{cases} \colorbox{cyan}{$\displaystyle f_{mn}$}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\mu \varepsilon}}\sqrt{\left( m/a \right) ^2+\left( n/b \right) ^2}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{v}{2}\sqrt{\left( m/a \right) ^2+\left( n/b \right) ^2}$}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\lambda _{mn}$}=\frac{v}{f_{mn}}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{2}{\sqrt{\left( m/a \right) ^2+\left( n/b \right) ^2}}$}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\beta _{mn}=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\sqrt{1-\left( f_{mn}/f \right) ^2}$}=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\sqrt{1-\left( \lambda /\lambda _{mn} \right) ^2}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$v_p$}=\frac{\omega}{\beta _{mn}}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-\left( f_{mn}/f \right) ^2}}$}=\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-\left( \lambda /\lambda _{mn} \right) ^2}}\\ \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$\lambda _g$}=\frac{v_p}{f}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-\left( f_{mn}/f \right) ^2}}$}=\frac{\lambda}{\sqrt{1-\left( \lambda /\lambda _{mn} \right) ^2}}\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.1.3}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧fmn=2με1(m/a)2+(n/b)2=2v(m/a)2+(n/b)2λmn=fmnv=(m/a)2+(n/b)22βmn=λ2π1−(fmn/f)2=λ2π1−(λ/λmn)2vp=βmnω=1−(fmn/f)2v=1−(λ/λmn)2vλg=fvp=1−(fmn/f)2v=1−(λ/λmn)2λ(9.1.3)
波阻抗：
{
Z
TE
=
E
x
H
y
=
−
E
y
H
x
=
ω
μ
β
m
n
=
η
1
−
(
f
m
n
/
f
)
2
Z
TM
=
E
x
H
y
=
−
E
y
H
x
=
β
m
n
ω
ε
=
η
1
−
(
f
m
n
/
f
)
2
(9.1.4)
\begin{cases} \colorbox{cyan}{$\text{Z}_{\text{TE}}$}=\frac{E_x}{H_y}=-\frac{E_y}{H_x}=\frac{\omega \mu}{\beta _{mn}}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{\eta}{\sqrt{1-\left( f_{mn}/f \right) ^2}}$}\\ \colorbox{cyan}{$\text{Z}_{\text{TM}}$}=\frac{E_x}{H_y}=-\frac{E_y}{H_x}=\frac{\beta _{mn}}{\omega \varepsilon}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\eta \sqrt{1-\left( f_{mn}/f \right) ^2}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.1.4}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ZTE=HyEx=−HxEy=βmnωμ=1−(fmn/f)2ηZTM=HyEx=−HxEy=ωεβmn=η1−(fmn/f)2(9.1.4)
其中TE10模是比较特殊的，往往来说它的波长最大。
{
f
10
=
v
2
a
λ
10
=
2
a
β
10
=
2
π
λ
1
−
(
λ
/
2
a
)
2
v
p
=
v
1
−
(
λ
/
2
a
)
2
λ
g
=
λ
1
−
(
λ
/
2
a
)
2
(9.1.5)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\left\{ \begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{l} f_{10}=\frac{v}{2a}\\ \lambda _{10}=2a\\ \beta _{10}=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\sqrt{1-\left( \lambda /2a \right) ^2}\\ v_p=\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-\left( \lambda /2a \right) ^2}}\\ \lambda _g=\frac{\lambda}{\sqrt{1-\left( \lambda /2a \right) ^2}}\\ \end{array}\\ \end{array}\\ \end{array} \right.$}\tag{9.1.5}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧f10=2avλ10=2aβ10=λ2π1−(λ/2a)2vp=1−(λ/2a)2vλg=1−(λ/2a)2λ(9.1.5)
2、波导中的能量损耗
传输功率：
{
P
a
v
=
∫
S
<
S
⃗
>
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
∫
0
a
d
x
∫
0
b
Re
[
1
2
E
⃗
×
H
⃗
]
d
y
P
a
v
=
1
2
Re
[
∫
0
a
d
x
∫
0
b
(
E
x
H
y
∗
−
E
y
H
x
∗
)
d
y
]
(9.2.1)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle P_{av}=\int_S{<\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}>\cdot \text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}}=\int_0^a{\text{d}x}\int_0^b{\text{Re}\left[ \frac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}\times \boldsymbol{\vec{H}} \right] \text{d}y}\\ \displaystyle \phantom{P_{av}}=\frac{1}{2}\text{Re}\left[ \int_0^a{\text{d}x}\int_0^b{\left( E_xH_{y}^{*}-E_yH_{x}^{*} \right) \text{d}y} \right]\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.2.1}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧Pav=∫S<S>⋅dS=∫0adx∫0bRe[21E×H]dyPav=21Re[∫0adx∫0b(ExHy∗−EyHx∗)dy](9.2.1)
TE10模的传输功率（其中Em是x=a/2处的幅度，亦即最大幅值）：
{
P
a
v
=
1
2
Re
∫
0
a
d
x
∫
0
b
(
−
E
y
H
x
∗
)
d
y
P
a
v
=
ω
μ
a
3
b
4
π
2
β
10
H
0
2
=
ω
μ
a
3
b
4
π
2
β
10
H
0
2
=
a
b
4
Z
TE
10
E
m
2
(9.2.2)
\begin{cases} \displaystyle \colorbox{cyan}{$P_{av}$}=\frac{1}{2}\text{Re}\int_0^a{\text{d}x}\int_0^b{\left( -E_yH_{x}^{*} \right) \text{d}y}\\ \displaystyle \phantom{P_{av}}=\frac{\omega \mu a^3b}{4\pi ^2}\beta _{10}H_{0}^{2}=\frac{\omega \mu a^3b}{4\pi ^2}\beta _{10}H_{0}^{2}=\colorbox{cyan}{$\frac{ab}{4Z_{\text{TE}_{10}}}E_{m}^{2}$}\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.2.2}
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧Pav=21Re∫0adx∫0b(−EyHx∗)dyPav=4π2ωμa3bβ10H02=4π2ωμa3bβ10H02=4ZTE10abEm2(9.2.2)
理想波导的传播常数只有虚部，但实际波导会有一个衰减常数实部，即==
γ
=
α
+
j
β
\gamma=\alpha+j\beta
γ=α+jβ==，此时衰减常数即为：
P
a
v
(
z
)
=
P
a
v
(
0
)
e
−
2
α
z
⇒
α
=
−
1
2
P
a
v
d
P
a
v
d
z
(9.2.3)
P_{av}\left( z \right) =P_{av}\left( 0 \right) \text{e}^{-2\alpha z}\Rightarrow \alpha =-\frac{1}{2P_{av}}\frac{\text{d}P_{av}}{\text{d}z}\tag{9.2.3}
Pav(z)=Pav(0)e−2αz⇒α=−2Pav1dzdPav(9.2.3)
3、TEM波
根据==(9.1.2)==，对于TEM波，有
γ
2
+
k
2
=
0
⇒
γ
=
j
k
=
j
ω
μ
ε
\gamma^2+k^2=0\Rightarrow \gamma=jk=j\omega\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}
γ2+k2=0⇒γ=jk=jωμε
{
H
0
y
=
−
ε
/
μ
E
0
x
=
−
E
0
x
η
H
0
x
=
−
ε
/
μ
E
0
y
=
−
E
0
y
η
(9.3.1)
\begin{cases} H_{0y}=\phantom{-}\sqrt{\varepsilon /\mu}E_{0x}=\phantom{-}\frac{E_{0x}}{\eta}\\ H_{0x}=-\sqrt{\varepsilon /\mu}E_{0y}=-\frac{E_{0y}}{\eta}\\ \end{cases}\tag{9.3.1}
{H0y=−ε/μE0x=−ηE0xH0x=−ε/μE0y=−ηE0y(9.3.1)
优点：
- 没有截止频率的限制，原则上可以传输任意频率的电磁波
- TEM波为非色散波，不会产生宽带信号的变形
缺点：
- 开放的双线系统其辐射损耗大
- 同轴线系统在频率较高时存在着较大的介质损耗
- 功率容量比较小
第十章——电磁辐射
1、赫芝偶极子
{ A ⃗ = μ 0 4 π I d l ⃗ e − j k R R H ⃗ = − φ ^ I d l 4 π k 2 sin θ [ 1 j k r + 1 ( j k r ) 2 ] e − j k R E ⃗ = − I d l 4 π ε k 2 c { r ^ 2 cos θ [ 1 ( j k r ) 2 + 1 ( j k r ) 3 ] + θ ^ sin θ [ 1 j k r + 1 ( j k r ) 2 + 1 ( j k r ) 3 ] } e − j k R (10.1.1) \begin{cases} \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}I\text{d}\boldsymbol{\vec{l}}\frac{\text{e}^{-jkR}}{R}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=-\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\frac{I\text{d}l}{4\pi}k^2\sin \theta \left[ \frac{1}{jkr}+\frac{1}{\left( jkr \right) ^2} \right] \text{e}^{-jkR}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-\frac{I\text{d}l}{4\pi \varepsilon}\frac{k^2}{c}\left\{ \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}2\cos \theta \left[ \frac{1}{\left( jkr \right) ^2}+\frac{1}{\left( jkr \right) ^3} \right] +\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\sin \theta \left[ \frac{1}{jkr}+\frac{1}{\left( jkr \right) ^2}+\frac{1}{\left( jkr \right) ^3} \right] \right\} \text{e}^{-jkR}\\ \end{cases}\tag{10.1.1} ⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧A=4πμ0IdlRe−jkRH=−φ^4πIdlk2sinθ[jkr1+(jkr)21]e−jkRE=−4πεIdlck2{r^2cosθ[(jkr)21+(jkr)31]+θ^sinθ[jkr1+(jkr)21+(jkr)31]}e−jkR(10.1.1)
近区解
r
≫
1
,
k
r
≪
1
r\gg 1,kr\ll 1
r≫1,kr≪1：
{
H
⃗
=
φ
^
I
d
l
4
π
r
2
sin
θ
E
⃗
=
−
j
I
d
l
4
π
ε
ω
r
2
{
r
^
2
cos
θ
+
θ
^
sin
θ
}
(10.1.2)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\begin{cases} \displaystyle \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\frac{I\text{d}l}{4\pi r^2}\sin \theta\\ \displaystyle \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-\frac{j\,I\text{d}l}{4\pi \varepsilon \omega r^2}\left\{ \boldsymbol{\hat{r}}2\cos \theta +\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\sin \theta \right\}\\ \end{cases}$}\tag{10.1.2}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧H=φ^4πr2IdlsinθE=−4πεωr2jIdl{r^2cosθ+θ^sinθ}(10.1.2)
因为近区电磁有π/2的相位差，故坡印廷矢量为0，没有向外辐射能量。
远区解
k
r
≫
1
kr\gg 1
kr≫1：
{
H
⃗
=
φ
^
j
I
d
l
2
λ
r
sin
θ
e
−
j
k
R
E
⃗
=
θ
^
j
η
I
d
l
2
λ
r
sin
θ
e
−
j
k
R
(10.1.3)
\colorbox{cyan}{$\begin{cases} \displaystyle \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\frac{j\,I\text{d}l}{2\lambda r}\sin \theta \text{e}^{-jkR}\\ \displaystyle \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\frac{j\,\eta I\text{d}l}{2\lambda r}\sin \theta \text{e}^{-jkR}\\ \end{cases}$}\tag{10.1.3}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧H=φ^2λrjIdlsinθe−jkRE=θ^2λrjηIdlsinθe−jkR(10.1.3)
平均坡印廷矢量：
<
S
⃗
>
=
r
^
η
2
(
I
d
l
2
λ
)
2
(
sin
θ
r
)
2
<\boldsymbol{\vec{S}}>=\boldsymbol{\hat{r}}\frac{\eta}{2}\left( \frac{I\text{d}l}{2\lambda} \right) ^2\left( \frac{\sin \theta}{r} \right) ^2
<S>=r^2η(2λIdl)2(rsinθ)2
平均辐射功率：
P
a
=
1
3
η
(
I
d
l
λ
)
2
\colorbox{cyan}{$P_a=\frac{1}{3}\eta \left( \frac{I\text{d}l}{\lambda} \right) ^2$}
Pa=31η(λIdl)2
辐射电阻：
R
a
=
2
π
3
η
(
d
l
λ
)
2
=
80
π
2
(
d
l
λ
)
2
\colorbox{cyan}{$R_a=\frac{2\pi}{3}\eta \left( \frac{\text{d}l}{\lambda} \right) ^2=80\pi ^2\left( \frac{\text{d}l}{\lambda} \right) ^2$}
Ra=32πη(λdl)2=80π2(λdl)2
考虑到表达式中有着因子
sin
θ
\sin\theta
sinθ的存在，记一个归一化函数如下：
F
(
θ
,
φ
)
=
∣
E
(
θ
,
φ
)
∣
E
max
(10.1.4)
F\left( \theta ,\varphi \right) =\frac{\left| E\left( \theta ,\varphi \right) \right|}{E_{\max}}\tag{10.1.4}
F(θ,φ)=Emax∣E(θ,φ)∣(10.1.4)
其中对于赫芝偶极子，方向性函数为：
F
(
θ
)
=
sin
θ
F\left(\theta\right)=\sin\theta
F(θ)=sinθ
2、磁偶极子天线辐射
远区解：
{
E
⃗
=
φ
^
η
4
π
r
m
k
2
sin
θ
e
−
j
k
r
H
⃗
=
−
θ
^
1
4
π
r
m
k
2
sin
θ
e
−
j
k
r
(10.2.1)
\begin{cases} \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\boldsymbol{\hat{\varphi}}\frac{\eta}{4\pi r}mk^2\sin \theta \text{e}^{-jkr}\\ \boldsymbol{\vec{H}}=-\boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\frac{1}{4\pi r}mk^2\sin \theta \text{e}^{-jkr}\\ \end{cases}\tag{10.2.1}
{E=φ^4πrηmk2sinθe−jkrH=−θ^4πr1mk2sinθe−jkr(10.2.1)
P a = 160 π 2 m 2 λ 4 (10.2.2) \colorbox{cyan}{$P_a=\frac{160\pi ^2m^2}{\lambda ^4}$}\tag{10.2.2} Pa=λ4160π2m2(10.2.2)
R a = 20 ( π d λ ) 2 (10.2.3) \colorbox{cyan}{$R_a=20\left( \frac{\pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2$}\tag{10.2.3} Ra=20(λπd)2(10.2.3)
3、天线阵
设二元天线阵 I 2 = m I 1 e − j ζ I_2=mI_1\mathrm e^{-j\zeta} I2=mI1e−jζ
则超前相位
ψ
=
k
d
cos
α
−
ζ
\psi=kd\cos\alpha-\zeta
ψ=kdcosα−ζ，其中d为两天线距离，α为天线与天线阵轴线夹角，则合成电场的复振幅为：
E
=
E
1
+
E
2
=
E
1
(
1
+
m
e
j
ψ
)
(10.3.1)
E=E_1+E_2=E_1\left(1+m\mathrm e^{j\psi}\right)\tag{10.3.1}
E=E1+E2=E1(1+mejψ)(10.3.1)
对于n元天线阵，不妨设它们电流相等：
E
=
E
1
[
1
+
e
j
ψ
+
e
j
2
ψ
+
⋯
+
e
j
(
N
−
1
)
ψ
]
E
=
E
1
e
j
N
−
1
2
ψ
sin
N
ψ
2
sin
ψ
2
(10.3.2)
\begin{array}{l} \displaystyle\colorbox{cyan}{$ E$}=E_1\left[ 1+\text{e}^{j\psi}+\text{e}^{j2\psi}+\cdots +\text{e}^{j\left( N-1 \right) \psi} \right]\\ \displaystyle \phantom{E}=\colorbox{cyan}{$E_1\text{e}^{j\frac{N-1}{2}\psi}\frac{\sin \frac{N\psi}{2}}{\sin \frac{\psi}{2}}$}\\ \end{array}\tag{10.3.2}
E=E1[1+ejψ+ej2ψ+⋯+ej(N−1)ψ]E=E1ej2N−1ψsin2ψsin2Nψ(10.3.2)
其中
sin
N
ψ
2
sin
ψ
2
\frac{\sin \frac{N\psi}{2}}{\sin \frac{\psi}{2}}
sin2ψsin2Nψ被称为阵因子，
1
N
sin
N
ψ
2
sin
ψ
2
\frac1N\frac{\sin \frac{N\psi}{2}}{\sin \frac{\psi}{2}}
N1sin2ψsin2Nψ被称为归一化的阵因子。
当KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got 'EOF' at end of input: …colorbox{cyan}{\cos\alpha=\frac{\zeta}{kd}KaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 1: }̲时，阵因子最大。
对于同相电流，垂直情形最大。
最终章——公式推导合集
由于时间原因，本来这一节是重头戏的，结果没做了。。。
推导1如下：
如下==(H)== +(2.1.1)+(2.1.2) ->求散度>简-> ∇ × ∇ × A ⃗ = μ J ⃗ − μ ε ∂ ∂ t [ ∇ U + ∂ A ⃗ ∂ t ] ( ? . 1 ) \nabla \times \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}=\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}-\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left[ \nabla U+\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}}{\partial t} \right](?.1) ∇×∇×A=μJ−με∂t∂[∇U+∂t∂A](?.1)
(?.1)+(NXX)>简-> ∇ 2 A ⃗ − μ ε ∂ 2 A ⃗ ∂ t 2 = − μ J ⃗ + ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ A ⃗ + μ ε ∂ U ∂ t ) ( ? . 2 ) \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}-\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}}{\partial t^2}=-\mu \boldsymbol{\vec{J}}+\nabla \left( \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\vec{A}}+\mu \varepsilon \frac{\partial U}{\partial t} \right)(?.2) ∇2A−με∂t2∂2A=−μJ+∇(∇⋅A+με∂t∂U)(?.2)
为使得==(?.2)右边括号处为0，故引入了(2.1.3)==式 $\blacksquare $
推导2如下：
∇ × \nabla\times ∇×(WE)+(WH)+(NXX)+(WD)-> 1 ε ∇ ( ρ ) − ∇ 2 E ⃗ = − μ j ω ( σ E ⃗ + ε j ω E ⃗ ) ( ? . 1 ) \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\nabla \left( \rho \right) -\nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=-\mu j\omega \left( \sigma \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}+\varepsilon j\omega \boldsymbol{\vec{E}} \right) (?.1) ε1∇(ρ)−∇2E=−μjω(σE+εjωE)(?.1)
设 ρ = 0 \rho=0 ρ=0，(?.1)->简-> ∇ 2 E ⃗ = μ j ω σ E ⃗ + μ ε ( j ω ) 2 E ⃗ \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\mu j\omega \sigma \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}+\mu \varepsilon \left( j\omega \right) ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}} ∇2E=μjωσE+με(jω)2E
==(PPE)==得证$\blacksquare $
推导3如下：
由==(4.4.4)==-> 1 ε 1 [ q 0 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 + q 1 ρ 2 + ( z + h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 = 1 ε 2 [ q 2 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 ( ? . 1 ) \frac{1}{\varepsilon _1}\left. \left[ \frac{q_0}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2}+\frac{q_1}{\rho ^2+\left( z+h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}=\frac{1}{\varepsilon _2}\left. \left[ \frac{q_2}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}(?.1) ε11[ρ2+(z−h)2q0+ρ2+(z+h)2q1]∣∣∣z=0=ε21[ρ2+(z−h)2q2]∣∣∣z=0(?.1)+ ∂ ∂ z [ q 0 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 + q 1 ρ 2 + ( z + h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 = ∂ ∂ z [ q 2 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 ( ? . 2 ) \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left. \left[ \frac{q_0}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2}+\frac{q_1}{\rho ^2+\left( z+h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}=\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left. \left[ \frac{q_2}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}(?.2) ∂z∂[ρ2+(z−h)2q0+ρ2+(z+h)2q1]∣∣∣z=0=∂z∂[ρ2+(z−h)2q2]∣∣∣z=0(?.2)
(?.1)->简-> 1 ε 1 ( q 0 + q 1 ) = 1 ε 2 q 2 ( ? . 3 ) \frac{1}{\varepsilon _1}\left( q_0+q_1 \right) =\frac{1}{\varepsilon _2}q_2(?.3) ε11(q0+q1)=ε21q2(?.3)
(?.2)->简-> q 0 − q 1 = q 2 ( ? . 4 ) q_0-q_1=q_2(?.4) q0−q1=q2(?.4)
(?.3)+(?.4)->简-> { q 1 = ε 1 − ε 2 ε 1 + ε 2 q 0 q 2 = 2 ε 2 ε 1 + ε 2 q 0 \begin{cases} q_1=\frac{\varepsilon _1-\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}q_0\\ q_2=\frac{2\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}q_0\\ \end{cases} {q1=ε1+ε2ε1−ε2q0q2=ε1+ε22ε2q0
==(7.1.1)==得证$\blacksquare $
lon j\omega \boldsymbol{\vec{E}} \right) (?.1)$
设 ρ = 0 \rho=0 ρ=0，(?.1)->简-> ∇ 2 E ⃗ = μ j ω σ E ⃗ + μ ε ( j ω ) 2 E ⃗ \nabla ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}}=\mu j\omega \sigma \boldsymbol{\vec{E}}+\mu \varepsilon \left( j\omega \right) ^2\boldsymbol{\vec{E}} ∇2E=μjωσE+με(jω)2E
==(PPE)==得证$\blacksquare $
推导3如下：
由==(4.4.4)==-> 1 ε 1 [ q 0 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 + q 1 ρ 2 + ( z + h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 = 1 ε 2 [ q 2 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 ( ? . 1 ) \frac{1}{\varepsilon _1}\left. \left[ \frac{q_0}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2}+\frac{q_1}{\rho ^2+\left( z+h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}=\frac{1}{\varepsilon _2}\left. \left[ \frac{q_2}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}(?.1) ε11[ρ2+(z−h)2q0+ρ2+(z+h)2q1]∣∣∣z=0=ε21[ρ2+(z−h)2q2]∣∣∣z=0(?.1)+ ∂ ∂ z [ q 0 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 + q 1 ρ 2 + ( z + h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 = ∂ ∂ z [ q 2 ρ 2 + ( z − h ) 2 ] ∣ z = 0 ( ? . 2 ) \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left. \left[ \frac{q_0}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2}+\frac{q_1}{\rho ^2+\left( z+h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}=\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left. \left[ \frac{q_2}{\rho ^2+\left( z-h \right) ^2} \right] \right|_{z=0}(?.2) ∂z∂[ρ2+(z−h)2q0+ρ2+(z+h)2q1]∣∣∣z=0=∂z∂[ρ2+(z−h)2q2]∣∣∣z=0(?.2)
(?.1)->简-> 1 ε 1 ( q 0 + q 1 ) = 1 ε 2 q 2 ( ? . 3 ) \frac{1}{\varepsilon _1}\left( q_0+q_1 \right) =\frac{1}{\varepsilon _2}q_2(?.3) ε11(q0+q1)=ε21q2(?.3)
(?.2)->简-> q 0 − q 1 = q 2 ( ? . 4 ) q_0-q_1=q_2(?.4) q0−q1=q2(?.4)
(?.3)+(?.4)->简-> { q 1 = ε 1 − ε 2 ε 1 + ε 2 q 0 q 2 = 2 ε 2 ε 1 + ε 2 q 0 \begin{cases} q_1=\frac{\varepsilon _1-\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}q_0\\ q_2=\frac{2\varepsilon _2}{\varepsilon _1+\varepsilon _2}q_0\\ \end{cases} {q1=ε1+ε2ε1−ε2q0q2=ε1+ε22ε2q0
==(7.1.1)==得证$\blacksquare $
8457
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
