The Mix Max Company是一系列会计入门的习题,常用于海外院校的会计课程,训练学生根据一个假想的公司的经营情况制作财务报表,分析公司的经营情况。
11月题目要求:
1)判断事件是否是需要被记录的Accounting Event
2)为每个事件创建Journal Entry,同时判断事件的类型:Asset, Liability, Owner's Equity
3)根据Journal Entry创建T-Account
4)利用T-Account计算出总共的Asset、Liability和Owner's Equity,确保等式两边数值相同
1. 判断事件是否为Accounting Event
全部事件列表:
- The company hired an accountant to provide accounting and financial planning services. The accountant will start work on January 1, 2021, at an annual fee of $1,200.
- The company issued 13,000 shares of $1 Par Common Stock for $13,000.
- The company received $1,700 in advance from customers who placed orders.
- The company purchased on account and received merchandise inventory in the amount of $5,000.
- The company ordered $2,500 worth of merchandise from a supplier to be paid when the it receives the inventory.
- The company paid suppliers of merchandise inventory $4,000.
- A customer ordered $1,500 of merchandise, payable when delivered at the end of January, 2021.
- In addition to the other customer advances, one customer deposited $300 on a $3,000 order.
- The company prepaid seven (7) months’ rent in the amount of $3,500.
- The articles of incorporation require the company to donate to the "GimMe, GetMe, BuyMe" Fund, a not-for-profit charitable organization.
1)The company hired an accountant to provide accounting and financial planning services. The accountant will start work on January 1, 2021, at an annual fee of $1,200.
答案:不是Accounting Event。Accounting Event需要是发生在过去、已经完成交易的事件。“will start work”表示事情发生在未来,还没有完成支付,因此不用记录。
2)The company issued 13,000 shares of $1 Par Common Stock for $13,000.
答案:是Accounting Event,“issued”表示事件已经发生,需要记录。
3)The company received $1,700 in advance from customers who placed orders.
答案:是Accounting Event,“received”表示事件已经发生,需要记录。虽然还没有发货,只是预先收到了付款,但既然已经有了入账就必须在财务报表上反映出来。
4)The company purchased on account and received merchandise inventory in the amount of $5,000.
答案:是Accounting Event,“received”表示事件已经发生,需要记录。虽然还没有付钱,只是预先收到了货物,但货物也属于公司的资产(Asset),因此需要记录。
5)The company ordered $2,500 worth of merchandise from a supplier to be paid when the it receives the inventory.
答案:不是Accounting Event,因为货物还没有收到,钱也还没有付,交易还没有完成,只是达成了约定,没有造成任何公司资产的增加或减少,不需要记录。
6)The company paid suppliers of merchandise inventory $4,000.
答案:是Accounting Event,“paid”表示事件已经发生。
7)A customer ordered $1,500 of merchandise, payable when delivered at the end of January, 2021.
答案:不是Accounting Event,因为货物还没有发货,钱也没有支付,没有造成任何公司资产的增加或减少,不需要记录。
8)In addition to the other customer advances, one customer deposited $300 on a $3,000 order.
答案:是Accounting Event,“deposited”表示事件已经发生,已经收到了300美金的定金,因此需要记录这300美金。剩下的2700美金尚未收到,只是达成了约定,因此无需记录。
9)The company prepaid seven (7) months’ rent in the amount of $3,500.
答案:是Accounting Event,“prepaid”表示事情已经发生,预付的房租也是公司资产的一部分。
10)The articles of incorporation require the company to donate to the "GimMe, GetMe, BuyMe" Fund, a not-for-profit charitable organization.
答案:不是Accounting Event,因为没有实质的交易发生,只是单方面被要求。
因此,需要被记录的事件有以下6个。我们为每个事件添加一个小概述,并备注交易的金额:
- Issue common stock ($13,000): The company issued 13,000 shares of $1 Par Common Stock for $13,000.
- Receive customer advance ($1,700): The company received $1,700 in advance from customers who placed orders.
- Purchase inventory on account ($5,000): The company purchased on account and received merchandise inventory in the amount of $5,000.
- Paid for inventory ($4,000): The company paid suppliers of merchandise inventory $4,000.
- Receive customer advance ($300): In addition to the other customer advances, one customer deposited $300 on a $3,000 order.
- Prepay rent ($3,500): The company prepaid seven (7) months’ rent in the amount of $3,500.
2. 为每个事件创建Journal Entry
为每个事件标注其涉及的Debit(DR)和Credit(CR)账户,并标注每个账户属于的类型(Asset, Liability, Owner's Equity)。
根据公式:Asset = Liability + Owner's Equity,等式两边必须保持平衡,因此如果两个账户都在等式的同一端,则必须要一个增加一个减少。如果两个账户分别位于等式两端,则需要同加同减才能保持平行。Asset的增加对应Debit,而Liability和Owner's Equity的增加对应Credit。
常见的Asset, Liabilty和Owner's Equity账户:
Asset - 公司资产:
- Cash - 现金
- Account receivable - 他方尚未向我方支付的欠款
- Prepaid rent - 预付的房租
- Prepaid insurance - 预付的保险
- Copyright, patents - 版权
- Land, building, equipment - 土地、楼房、设备
- Inventory - 库存、尚未卖出的商品
Liability - 公司债务/欠款:
- Account payable - 我方尚未向他方支付的欠款(短期)
- Notes payable - 我方尚未向他方支付的欠款(长期,有书面字据证明)
- Wages payable - 尚未向员工支付的工资
- Tax payable - 尚未向政府缴交的税金
- Advance - 客户在尚未收到货物前预先支付的定金/预付款
Owner's Equity - 公司价值(公司还完所有债务之后的剩余价值):
- Stock - 股票
- Revenue - 公司收入(注意:Cash ≠ Revenue!当公司有现金入账时,会在经过一定过程后才会被认为是Revenue;当现金被认为是Revenue时在账面上会有一个现金和收入账户同时增加的过程)
- Expense - 公司开支(Expense在这里指的是公司为了盈利造成的花费,因此分红等不会为公司创造盈利的花费则不包括在内)
- Dividend - 公司分红
- Cost of goods sold - 公司在卖出商品时造成的成本,如购买货物的成本
1)Issue common stock ($13,000):
The company issued 13,000 shares of $1 Par Common Stock for $13,000.
Asset (+$1300) = Liability + Owner's Equity (+$1300)
DR: Cash $1300 - (Asset)
CR: Common stock $1300 (Owner's Equity)
解:发布股票是公司筹集资金的方式。当人们购买了股票,公司就会获得相应的现金。由于Cash属于Asset,它的增加对应Debit;而Common stock属于Owner's Equity,它的增加则对应Credit。
2)Receive customer advance ($1,700):
The company received $1,700 in advance from customers who placed orders.
Asset (+$1700) = Liability (+$1700) + Owner's Equity
DR: Cash $1700 - (Asset)
CR: Customer advance $1700 - (Asset)
解:客户没有收到货物,因此不涉及库存的增减。由于已经支付定金,因此属于Asset的现金增多$1700(Debit),同时属于Liability的Customer advance也增多$1700(Credit)。
3)Purchase inventory on account ($5,000):
The company purchased on account and received merchandise inventory in the amount of $5,000.
Asset (+$5000) = Liability (+$5000) + Owner's Equity
DR: Inventory $5000 - (Asset)
CR: Account payable $5000 - (Liability)
解:由于购买方式是“on account”,我们会在之后才向供应商支付货款,因此目前不涉及现金的减少。相反,我们会把这$5000记到欠款账目,即属于Liability的Account Payable。同时,由于收到货物,属于Asset的Inventory随之增加$5000。
4)Paid for inventory ($4,000):
The company paid suppliers of merchandise inventory $4,000.
Asset (-$4000) = Liability (-$4000) + Owner's Equity
DR: Account payable -$4000 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$4000 - (Asset)
解:由于描述中并没有提及我们收到了货物,我们默认货物实际上早就收到了,只不过钱还没有支付,我们在这里支付的是以前的欠款。因此,Inventory的账户不变,属于Liability的Account payable随着欠款的支付减少$4000,表示我们还掉了$4000的债务,同时属于Asset的Cash也减少$4000。
5)Receive customer advance ($300):
In addition to the other customer advances, one customer deposited $300 on a $3,000 order.
Asset ($300) = Liability ($300) + Owner's Equity
DR: Cash $300 - (Asset)
CR: Customer advance $300 - (Liability)
解:客人只支付了$300,因此我们只需要记录这$300的入账。随着Cash的增加,我们同样背负了$300的债务,导致属于Liability的Customer Advance增加。
6)Prepay rent ($3,500):
The company prepaid seven (7) months’ rent in the amount of $3,500.
Asset ($3500) (-$3500) = Liability + Owner's Equity
DR: Prepaid rent $3500 - (Asset)
CR: Cash -$3500 - (Asset)
解:租的房子属于公司的资产,因此随着租金的支付,隶属Asset的Prepaid rent增加$3500。但这一资金的来源Cash同样隶属Asset,造成$3500的减少。两者都属于等式同一端,因此符号是相反的。
整合下来,所有的Journal Entry应该如下:
1. Issue common stock ($13,000):
DR: Cash $1300 - (Asset)
CR: Common stock $1300 (Owner's Equity)
2. Receive customer advance ($1,700)
DR: Cash $1700 - (Asset)
CR: Customer advance $1700 - (Asset)
3. Purchase inventory on accoun ($5,000):
DR: Inventory $5000 - (Asset)
CR: Account payable $5000 - (Liability)
4. Paid for inventory ($4,000):
DR: Account payable -$4000 - (Liability)
CR: Cash -$4000 - (Asset)
5. Receive customer advance ($300):
DR: Cash $300 - (Asset)
CR: Customer advance $300 - (Liability)
6. Prepay rent ($3,500):
DR: Prepaid rent $3500 - (Asset)
CR: Cash -$3500 - (Asset)
3. 创建T-Account
实际上,在我们书写每个Journal Entry的同时就可以在另一张纸上创建T-Account,不一定非要全部写完再创建。
根据T-Account的书写规则,Debit永远在左侧,Credit永远在右侧。
- 对于隶属Asset的账户,数值增加就写在左侧,减少就写在右侧。
- 对于隶属Liability和Owner's Equity的账户,数值增加就写在右侧,减少就写在左侧。
首先,我们可以将涉及的所有账户全部根据Asset、Liability、Owner's Equity的类别列出来,方便观察和计算:
1)Issue common stock ($13,000):
DR: Cash $13000 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Common stock $13000 ——Owner's Equity增加,记在右侧
2) Receive customer advance ($1,700)
DR: Cash $1700 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Customer advance $1700 ——Liability增加,记在右侧
3) Purchase inventory on account ($5,000):
DR: Inventory $5000 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Account payable ——Liability增加,记在右侧
4) Paid for inventory ($4,000):
DR: Account payable -$4000 ——Liability减少,记在左侧
CR: Cash -$4000 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
5) Receive customer advance ($300):
DR: Cash $300 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Customer advance $300 ——Liability增加,记在右侧
6) Prepay rent ($3,500):
DR: Prepaid rent $3500 ——Asset增加,记在左侧
CR: Cash -$3500 ——Asset减少,记在右侧
4. 计算出各类别总数
最后,我们计算出每个账户的总金额,即Ending Balance(EB):
然后列出所有的Asset、Liability和Owner's Equity的项目,可以发现符合Asset = Liability + Owner's Equity的公式,等式两边平衡:
Asset:
Cash 7500
Inventory 5000
Prepaid Rent 3500
Total 16000
Liability:
Customer advance 2000
Account payable 1000
Owner's Equity:Common stock 13000
Total Liability+Owner's Equity 16000