2021.10.13
一、三角恒等式
-
基本恒等公式
t a n ( θ ) = s i n ( θ ) c o s ( θ ) tan(\theta)={sin(\theta)\over cos(\theta)} tan(θ)=cos(θ)sin(θ) -
毕达哥拉斯定理公式(勾股定理)
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 a^2+b^2=c^2 a2+b2=c2
s i n 2 ( α ) + c o s 2 ( α ) = 1 (原型) sin^2(\alpha)+cos^2(\alpha)=1 \tag{原型} sin2(α)+cos2(α)=1(原型)
2.1 两侧同除 c o s 2 ( α ) cos^2(\alpha) cos2(α)
t a n 2 ( α ) + 1 = s e c 2 ( α ) (变式1) tan^2(\alpha)+1=sec^2(\alpha) \tag{变式1} tan2(α)+1=sec2(α)(变式1)
2.2 两侧同除 s i n 2 ( α ) sin^2(\alpha) sin2(α)
1 + c o t 2 ( α ) = c s c 2 ( α ) (变式2) 1+cot^2(\alpha)=csc^2(\alpha) \tag{变式2} 1+cot2(α)=csc2(α)(变式2) -
互余关系‘co’公式(complementary))
说两个角互余, 意味着它们的 和是 π/2 (或 90◦ ),所以有:
s i n ( x ) = c o s ( π 2 − x ) c o s ( x ) = s i n ( π 2 − x ) sin(x)=cos({\pi\over 2}-x){\qquad} cos(x)=sin({\pi\over 2}-x) sin(x)=cos(2π−x)cos(x)=sin(2π−x)
t a n ( x ) = c o t ( π 2 − x ) c o t ( x ) = t a n ( π 2 − x ) tan(x)=cot({\pi\over 2}-x){\qquad} cot(x)=tan({\pi\over 2}-x) tan(x)=cot(2π−x)cot(x)=tan(2π−x)
s e c ( x ) = c s c ( π 2 − x ) c s c ( x ) = s e c ( π 2 − x ) sec(x)=csc({\pi\over 2}-x){\qquad} csc(x)=sec({\pi\over 2}-x) sec(x)=csc(2π−x)csc(x)=sec(2π−x) -
角的加减法公式
s i n ( α + β ) = s i n ( α ) c o s ( β ) + c o s ( α ) s i n ( β ) sin(\alpha+\beta)=sin(\alpha)cos(\beta)+cos(\alpha)sin(\beta) sin(α+β)=sin(α)cos(β)+cos(α)sin(β)
c o s ( α + β ) = c o s ( α ) c o s ( β ) − s i n ( α ) s i n ( β ) (原型:加法) cos(\alpha+\beta)=cos(\alpha)cos(\beta)-sin(\alpha)sin(\beta)\tag{原型:加法} cos(α+β)=cos(α)cos(β)−sin(α)sin(β)(原型:加法)
s i n ( α − β ) = s i n ( α ) c o s ( β ) − c o s ( α ) s i n ( β ) sin(\alpha-\beta)=sin(\alpha)cos(\beta)-cos(\alpha)sin(\beta) sin(α−β)=sin(α)cos(β)−cos(α)sin(β)
c o s ( α − β ) = c o s ( α ) c o s ( β ) + s i n ( α ) s i n ( β ) (原型:减法) cos(\alpha-\beta)=cos(\alpha)cos(\beta)+sin(\alpha)sin(\beta)\tag{原型:减法} cos(α−β)=cos(α)cos(β)+sin(α)sin(β)(原型:减法) -
倍角公式
令“角的加减法公式”中 α = β = x \alpha = \beta = x α=β=x则有:
sin ( 2 x ) = 2 sin ( x ) cos ( x ) \sin(2x)=2\sin(x)\cos(x) sin(2x)=2sin(x)cos(x)
cos ( 2 x ) = cos 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x ) (倍角“余弦”原型) \cos(2x)=\cos^2(x)-\sin^2(x)\tag{倍角“余弦”原型} cos(2x)=cos2(x)−sin2(x)(倍角“余弦”原型)
根据《毕达哥拉斯定理》简化上述"余弦"公式:
cos ( 2 x ) = 2 c o s 2 ( x ) − 1 (倍角“余弦”变型1) \cos(2x)=2cos^2(x)-1\tag{倍角“余弦”变型1} cos(2x)=2cos2(x)−1(倍角“余弦”变型1)
cos ( 2 x ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( x ) (倍角“余弦”变型1) \cos(2x)=1-2\sin^2(x)\tag{倍角“余弦”变型1} cos(2x)=1−2sin2(x)(倍角“余弦”变型1) -
问题求解” sin ( 4 x ) \sin(4x) sin(4x)“和” cos ( 4 x ) \cos(4x) cos(4x)“:
求解 sin ( 4 x ) \sin(4x) sin(4x):
sin ( 4 x ) = 2 sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x ) \sin(4x)=2\sin(2x)\cos(2x) sin(4x)=2sin(2x)cos(2x)
sin ( 4 x ) = 4 sin ( x ) cos ( x ) ∗ 2 ( cos 2 ( x ) − 1 ) \sin(4x)=4\sin(x)\cos(x)*2(\cos^2(x)-1) sin(4x)=4sin(x)cos(x)∗2(cos2(x)−1)
sin ( 4 x ) = 8 sin ( x ) cos 3 ( x ) − 4 sin ( x ) cos ( x ) (结果) \sin(4x)=8\sin(x)\cos^3(x)-4\sin(x)\cos(x)\tag{结果} sin(4x)=8sin(x)cos3(x)−4sin(x)cos(x)(结果)
求解 cos ( 4 x ) \cos(4x) cos(4x):
cos ( 4 x ) = 2 c o s 2 ( 2 x ) − 1 \cos(4x)=2cos^2(2x)-1 cos(4x)=2cos2(2x)−1
cos ( 4 x ) = 2 ( 2 cos 2 ( x ) − 1 ) 2 − 1 \cos(4x)=2(2\cos^2(x)-1)^2-1 cos(4x)=2(2cos2(x)−1)2−1
cos ( 4 x ) = 8 cos 4 ( x ) − 4 cos 2 ( x ) + 1 (结果) \cos(4x)=8\cos^4(x)-4\cos^2(x)+1\tag{结果} cos(4x)=8cos4(x)−4cos2(x)+1(结果) -
角的加减法公式的证明过程:
s i n ( α + β ) = s i n ( α ) c o s ( β ) + c o s ( α ) s i n ( β ) sin(\alpha+\beta)=sin(\alpha)cos(\beta)+cos(\alpha)sin(\beta) sin(α+β)=sin(α)cos(β)+cos(α)sin(β)
假设:
做单位圆 r=1,单位圆上取四个角,幅角分别是a,a+b,90°-b和90°。的四个点ABCD
此图片引用自知乎答主“AlphaBetaQuant”
∵
∠
D
O
B
=
∠
A
O
C
\because\angle DOB=\angle AOC
∵∠DOB=∠AOC
∴
D
B
=
A
C
(相同顶角和腰长的等腰三角形)
\therefore DB=AC \tag{相同顶角和腰长的等腰三角形}
∴DB=AC(相同顶角和腰长的等腰三角形)
A
∴
[
cos
a
−
cos
(
π
2
−
b
)
]
2
+
[
sin
(
π
2
−
b
)
−
sin
a
]
2
=
A\therefore\sqrt{[\cos a-\cos({\pi\over 2}-b)]^2+[\sin({\pi\over 2}-b)-\sin a]^2}=
A∴[cosa−cos(2π−b)]2+[sin(2π−b)−sina]2=
[
1
−
sin
(
a
+
b
)
]
2
+
[
cos
(
a
+
b
)
−
0
]
2
\sqrt{[1-\sin(a+b)]^2+[\cos(a+b)-0]^2}
[1−sin(a+b)]2+[cos(a+b)−0]2
现在我们对其进行化简:
[
cos
a
−
cos
(
π
2
−
b
)
]
2
+
[
sin
(
π
2
−
b
)
−
sin
a
]
2
=
[\cos a-\cos({\pi\over 2}-b)]^2+[\sin({\pi\over 2}-b)-\sin a]^2=
[cosa−cos(2π−b)]2+[sin(2π−b)−sina]2=
[
1
−
sin
(
a
+
b
)
]
2
+
[
cos
(
a
+
b
)
−
0
]
2
[1-\sin(a+b)]^2+[\cos(a+b)-0]^2
[1−sin(a+b)]2+[cos(a+b)−0]2
∵
s
i
n
(
x
)
=
c
o
s
(
π
2
−
x
)
(互余关系)
\because sin(x)=cos({\pi\over 2}-x)\tag {互余关系}
∵sin(x)=cos(2π−x)(互余关系)
B
∴
(
cos
a
−
sin
b
)
2
+
(
cos
b
−
sin
a
)
2
=
B\therefore(\cos a-\sin b)^2+(\cos b-\sin a)^2=
B∴(cosa−sinb)2+(cosb−sina)2=
[
1
−
sin
(
a
+
b
)
]
2
+
[
cos
(
a
+
b
)
−
0
]
2
[1-\sin(a+b)]^2+[\cos(a+b)-0]^2
[1−sin(a+b)]2+[cos(a+b)−0]2
拆解分别简化:
∴
B
公
式
形
式
:
a
+
b
=
c
\therefore B公式形式:a+b=c
∴B公式形式:a+b=c
a
=
cos
2
a
+
sin
2
b
−
2
cos
a
sin
b
a=\cos^2a+\sin^2b-2\cos a\sin b
a=cos2a+sin2b−2cosasinb
b
=
cos
2
b
+
sin
2
a
−
2
cos
b
sin
a
b=\cos^2b+\sin^2a-2\cos b\sin a
b=cos2b+sin2a−2cosbsina
c
=
1
+
2
sin
2
(
a
+
b
)
−
2
sin
(
a
+
b
)
+
cos
2
(
a
+
b
)
c=1+2\sin^2(a+b)-2\sin(a+b)+\cos^2(a+b)
c=1+2sin2(a+b)−2sin(a+b)+cos2(a+b)
∵
sin
2
(
x
)
+
cos
2
(
x
)
=
1
(毕达哥拉斯)
\because \sin^2(x)+\cos^2(x)=1\tag {毕达哥拉斯}
∵sin2(x)+cos2(x)=1(毕达哥拉斯)
∴
a
+
b
=
2
−
2
cos
a
sin
b
−
2
cos
b
sin
a
\therefore a+b=2-2\cos a\sin b-2\cos b\sin a
∴a+b=2−2cosasinb−2cosbsina
c
=
2
−
2
sin
(
a
+
b
)
c=2-2\sin(a+b)
c=2−2sin(a+b)
∴
sin
(
a
+
b
)
=
cos
(
a
)
s
i
n
(
b
)
+
s
i
n
(
a
)
c
o
s
(
b
)
\therefore \sin(a+b)=\cos(a)sin(b)+sin(a)cos(b)
∴sin(a+b)=cos(a)sin(b)+sin(a)cos(b)
证毕