三角学常见公式定理证明

前置知识

（1）毕达哥拉斯定理：${\sin }^2\alpha +{\cos }^2\beta =1$

（2）诱导公式：$$\begin{gathered} \sin (2k\pi +\alpha )=\sin \alpha ,\cos (2k\pi +\alpha )=\cos \alpha ,(k\in Z) \\ \sin (-\alpha )=-\sin \alpha ,\cos (-\alpha )=\cos \alpha \\ \sin (\pi +\alpha )=-\sin \alpha ,\cos (\pi +\alpha )=-\cos \alpha \end{gathered}$$

正弦定理

（1）定理：在$△ABC$中$a,b,c$分别为$A,B,C$的对边，则$\frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}=\frac{c}{\sin C}$

（2）证明：以$A$为原点$AB$为$x$轴正半轴，把$△ABC$放在平面直角坐标系上，作$AB$边上的高CD，如图1

$\therefore A(0,0),B(c,0),C(b\cos A,b\sin A),D(b\cos A,0)$

$\therefore CD=b\sin A$

$\therefore S△ABC=\frac{1}{2}AD\cdot CD=\frac{1}{2}bc\sin A$

同理$S△ABC=\frac{1}{2}ab\sin C=\frac{1}{2}ac\sin B$

$\therefore \frac{\sin A}{a}=\frac{\sin B}{b}=\frac{\sin C}{c}$

$\therefore \frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}=\frac{c}{\sin C}$

（2）扩充了的正弦定理：$△ABC$有外接圆半径为$R$，$a,b,c$分别为$A,B,C$的对边，则$\frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}=\frac{c}{\sin C}=2R$

（3）证明：过$B$做外接圆的直径$BD$，连接$CD$,如图二

$\therefore \angle A=\angle D,\sin A=\sin D$

$\because BD$为直径

$\therefore \angle DCB=90^{\circ }$

$\therefore \sin D=\frac{BC}{BD}=\frac{a}{2R}$

$\therefore \frac{a}{\sin A}=2R$

同理$\frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}=\frac{c}{\sin C}=2R$

余弦定理

（1）定理：$$\begin{gathered} a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos A \\ {b}^2=a^2+c^2-2ac\cos B \\ {c}^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos C \end{gathered}$$

（2）证明：如图一

$\therefore A(0,0),B(c,0),C(b\cos A,b\sin A),D(b\cos A,0)$

$\therefore CD=b\sin A$

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同理$$\begin{gathered} a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos A \\ {b}^2=a^2+c^2-2ac\cos B \\ {c}^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos C \end{gathered}$$

和角的余弦和正弦

（1）公式：$$\begin{gathered} \sin (\alpha +\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\cos \alpha \sin \beta \\ \cos (\alpha +\beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta \end{gathered}$$

（2）证明：把角$\alpha ,\beta$，顶角放在原点，始边放在坐标系$x$正半轴，终边分别放在$x$轴两侧，如图三，把$BC$绕原点旋转$\beta$，如图四

$\therefore B(\cos \alpha ,\sin \alpha ),C(\cos \beta ,-\sin \beta ),B^{\prime }(\cos \alpha +\beta ,\sin \alpha +\beta ),C^{\prime }(1,0)$

$$\begin{gathered} \therefore B{C}^2=(\cos \alpha -\cos \beta {)}^2+(\sin \alpha +\sin \beta {)}^2=2+2(\sin \alpha \sin \beta -\cos \alpha \cos \beta ) \\ {B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime 2}=[\cos (\alpha +\beta )-1{]}^2+{\sin }^2(\alpha +\beta )=2-2\cos (\alpha +\beta ) \end{gathered}$$

$\because BC=B^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }$

$\therefore B{C}^2=B^{\prime }{C}^{\prime 2}$

$\therefore \cos (\alpha +\beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta$

$\therefore \sin (\alpha +\beta )=\cos (\pi -\alpha -\beta )=\cos (\pi -\alpha )\cos \beta +\sin (\pi -\alpha )\sin \beta =\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \beta \cos \alpha$

*（3）托勒密定理与和角定理互证：

有$A,B,C,D$四点共圆，有四边形$ABCD$，则$AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD=AC\cdot BD\iff \sin (\alpha +\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\cos \alpha \sin \beta$

1、$AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD=AC\cdot BD\Rightarrow \sin (\alpha +\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\cos \alpha \sin \beta$

做$A,B,C,D$四点共圆，有直径$AC$，如图五

$\because AC为圆O的直径$

$\therefore \angle ADC=\angle ABC=90^{\circ }$

$\therefore \sin \alpha =\frac{DC}{AC},\cos \alpha =\frac{AD}{AC},\sin \beta =\frac{BC}{AC},\cos \beta =\frac{AB}{AC}$

$\therefore \sin \alpha \cos \beta +cos\alpha \sin \beta =\frac{AD\cdot BC+DC\cdot AB}{A{C}^2}$

$\because AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD=AC\cdot BD$

$\therefore \sin \alpha \cos \beta +cos\alpha \sin \beta =\frac{AC\cdot BD}{A{C}^2}=\frac{BD}{AC}$

$\because \frac{BD}{\sin (\alpha +\beta )}=2R=AC$

$\therefore \therefore \sin \alpha \cos \beta +cos\alpha \sin \beta =\sin (\alpha +\beta )$

2、$AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD=AC\cdot BD\Leftarrow \sin (\alpha +\beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\cos \alpha \sin \beta$

有$A,B,C,D$四点共圆，如图六

由正弦定理得$$\begin{gathered} AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD=\sin \beta \cdot 2R\cdot \sin \alpha \cdot 2R+\sin \theta \cdot 2R\cdot \sin \gamma \cdot 2R \\ AC\cdot BD=\sin (\beta +\theta )\sin (\beta +\gamma ) \end{gathered}$$
$$\begin{gathered} \sin \beta \sin \alpha +\sin \theta \sin \gamma \\ =\sin \beta \sin (\pi -\beta -\theta -\gamma )+\sin \theta \sin \gamma （诱导公式） \\ =\sin \beta \sin (\beta +\theta +\gamma )+\sin \theta \sin \gamma \\ =\sin \beta \sin (\beta +\theta )\cos \gamma +\sin \beta \cos (\beta +\theta )\sin \gamma +\sin \theta \sin \gamma \\ ={\sin }^2\beta \cos \gamma \cos \theta +\sin \beta \cos \beta \cos \gamma \sin \theta +\sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \beta \cos \theta -{\sin }^2\beta \sin \gamma \sin \theta +\sin \theta \sin \gamma （毕达哥拉斯定理） \\ =\sin \theta \sin \gamma {\cos }^2\beta +{\sin }^2\beta \cos \gamma \cos \theta +\sin \beta \cos \beta \cos \gamma \sin \theta +\sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \beta \cos \theta （因式分解） \\ =(\cos \beta \sin \theta +\sin \beta \cos \theta )(\cos \beta \sin \gamma +\sin \beta \cos \gamma )（和角的正弦公式） \\ =\sin (\beta +\theta )\sin (\beta +\gamma ) \end{gathered}$$
$\therefore AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD=AC\cdot BD$

和差化积与积化和差

（1）积化和差：
$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )+\sin (\alpha -\beta )]（两角和的正弦公式相加可得） \\ \cos \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha +\beta )-\sin (\alpha -\beta )]（两角和的正弦公式相减可得） \\ \sin \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )+\cos (\alpha -\beta )]（两角和的余弦公式相加可得） \\ \sin \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha +\beta )-\cos (\alpha -\beta )]（两角和的余弦公式相减可得） \end{gathered}$$
（2）和差化积
$$\begin{gathered} 令\alpha +\beta =A,\alpha -\beta =B,有\alpha =\frac{A+B}{2},\beta =\frac{A-B}{2}，代入积化和差得 \\ \sin A+\sin B=2\sin \frac{A+B}{2}\cos \frac{A-B}{2} \\ \sin A-\sin B=2\cos \frac{A+B}{2}\sin \frac{A-B}{2} \\ \cos A+\cos B=2\cos \frac{A+B}{2}\cos \frac{A-B}{2} \\ \cos A-\cos B=-2\sin \frac{A+B}{2}\sin \frac{A-B}{2} \end{gathered}$$