以下是用Python实现标签算法求解VRPTW子问题的代码，其中采用深度优先搜索的方式：
```python
import numpy as np
# 车辆容量
CAPACITY = 100
# 客户点信息（坐标、需求量、时间窗口）
CUSTOMER_POINTS = np.array([
[40, 50, 0, 0, 8],
[45, 68, 10, 12, 10],
[60, 70, 20, 25, 12],
[70, 40, 20, 30, 15],
[66, 20, 30, 40, 20],
[30, 30, 35, 50, 5],
[35, 20, 40, 45, 3],
[20, 25, 45, 50, 5],
[50, 25, 50, 55, 8],
[55, 45, 60, 70, 10]
])
# 标签结构定义：(到达时间, 已服务客户, 车辆位置)
LABEL_TUPLE = (int, list, int)
def label_extend(current_state, current_label):
"""
标签扩展函数，根据当前状态和标签信息，生成所有可能的下一状态，并计算其对应的标签信息
:param current_state: 当前状态，即当前已服务的客户点
:param current_label: 当前标签信息，即当前状态对应的标签信息
:return: 下一状态和对应的标签信息
"""
current_time, served_customers, current_position = current_label
next_states = []
for i in range(len(CUSTOMER_POINTS)):
if i not in served_customers and CAPACITY >= CUSTOMER_POINTS[i][3]:
# 计算到达下一客户点的时间
distance = np.sqrt((CUSTOMER_POINTS[i][0] - CUSTOMER_POINTS[current_state][0]) ** 2
+ (CUSTOMER_POINTS[i][1] - CUSTOMER_POINTS[current_state][1]) ** 2)
arrival_time = current_time + distance
if arrival_time <= CUSTOMER_POINTS[i][4]:
# 状态扩展
next_state = i
next_served_customers = served_customers.copy()
next_served_customers.append(i)
next_position = i
next_label = (arrival_time, next_served_customers, next_position)
next_states.append((next_state, next_label))
return next_states
def heuristic_function(state, label):
"""
启发函数，评估当前状态的优劣程度
:param state: 当前状态
:param label: 当前标签信息
:return: 启发函数值
"""
return label[0]
def dfs_search():
"""
标签算法主函数，按照深度优先的方式搜索状态空间，直到找到满足所有约束条件的解
:return: 找到的解
"""
# 初始化搜索树
root_state = 0
root_label = (0, [0], 0)
search_tree = {root_state: [root_label]}
# 深度优先搜索
best_label = None
stack = [(root_state, root_label)]
while stack:
current_state, current_label = stack.pop()
if len(current_label[1]) == len(CUSTOMER_POINTS):
# 找到解
if best_label is None or heuristic_function(current_state, current_label) < heuristic_function(best_label[0], best_label[1]):
best_label = (current_state, current_label)
else:
# 扩展状态，并加入搜索树
next_states = label_extend(current_state, current_label)
for next_state, next_label in next_states:
if next_state not in search_tree:
search_tree[next_state] = [next_label]
stack.append((next_state, next_label))
else:
if heuristic_function(next_state, next_label) < heuristic_function(next_state, search_tree[next_state][-1]):
search_tree[next_state].append(next_label)
stack.append((next_state, next_label))
return best_label
if __name__ == '__main__':
best_label = dfs_search()
print('找到的最优解：', best_label)
```
这个代码实现了深度优先搜索，可以根据需要进行修改以实现广度优先搜索或其他搜索算法。
本文介绍了Elementary shortest path problem with resource constraints（ESPPRC），即资源约束下的最短路径问题，常用于解决如车辆路径问题的子问题。ESPPRC与SPPRC的区别在于不允许节点被重复访问。文章讨论了ESPPRC在column generation框架中的应用，解释了如何根据Master Problem的对偶变量更新边的成本以求解reduced cost最小的路径，并概述了动态规划、拉格朗日松弛、约束编程和启发式算法等常见求解方法。此外，文章重点介绍了Pulse算法，这是一种精确的ESPPRC算法，结合了bound算法和脉冲搜索过程来寻找满足资源约束的最短路径。
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