Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD)

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-24 14:35:59 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-03-24 14:35:59 发布
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分类专栏： 深度学习

本文将讨论Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD)，和欧式距离一样，它们都是一种距离度量的定义、可以用来测量某两个分布之间的距离。EMD主要应用在图像处理和语音信号处理领域，在自然语言处理上很少有听说。
EMD 问题如下图所示
<ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.7310089599341154" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/195258w27y3a7wwa74wwa3.jpg?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.7310089599341154',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 

<ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.07185405353084207" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/195819u0cnpy0ei353nkzr.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.07185405353084207',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 
不同情况下EMD使用方式也不一样，但还是有一些共通之处。比如权重都是指特征量的重要程度。例如，一个直方图对应一个签名的情况下，直方图中的每一根柱(bar)代表一个特征量，柱的高度就对应其权重。在之前的相似图像检索 (2009/10/3）一文中，我使用到了图像颜色分布直方图相交距离(Histogram Intersection )，也可以用在EMD中当作ground distance使用。最早提出EMD概念的论文中有提到，EMD最初就是用来做相似图片检索的。
运输问题概述
<ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.7222093800082803" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/200025r8s77o2wums9dzdm.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.7222093800082803',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 
<ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.2584721043240279" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/200038aquylykggduk6g1y.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.2584721043240279',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 
很自然可以想到，给定两个签名，把一个变成另一个所需要的最小工作量，就是EMD对距离的定义，这里的「工作量」要基于用户对ground distance的定义，即特征量之间的距离的定义。然而，当特征量非常多的时候，由于要做一一匹配，其计算量是非常大的。因此，有人提出了一种将多个特征量组合起来做向量量化编码(Vector Quantization)后再组成签名的方法。
EMD的一些优点可见这里
举个栗子 <ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.388046451844275" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/200447wrrpr990ru5jw552.jpg?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.388046451844275',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 

<ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.5452677409630269" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/200226ekt2c53t00j6mr0c.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5452677409630269',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 
Rubner的C语言实现首先我们尝试使用Rubner桑公开的C语言代码(example1.c)，编译依赖emd.c和emd.h。其中特征量类型feature_t在emd.h中定义如下：
typedef struct { int X,Y,Z; } feature_t;具体实现代码见emd.c。对于上述例子的解答如下：

普通浏览复制代码
  1. id="iframe_0.10071098245680332" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.10071098245680332',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"># include <stdio.h>
  2. id="iframe_0.9153952854685485" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.9153952854685485',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"># include <math.h>
  3. id="iframe_0.5096627038437873" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5096627038437873',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"># include "emd.h"
  4. id="iframe_0.40024990937672555" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.40024990937672555',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">
  5. id="iframe_0.432026332244277" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.432026332244277',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">/* 欧几里得距离 */
  6. id="iframe_0.46847684402018785" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_shrink.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.46847684402018785',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">float dist(feature_t *F1, feature_t *F2) {
  7. id="iframe_0.7292746563907713" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.7292746563907713',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    int dX = F1->X - F2->X;
  8. id="iframe_0.7462860192172229" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.7462860192172229',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    int dY = F1->Y - F2->Y;
  9. id="iframe_0.5723320455290377" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5723320455290377',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    int dZ = F1->Z - F2->Z;
  10. id="iframe_0.25498996023088694" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.25498996023088694',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    return sqrt(dXdX + dY*dY + dZ*dZ);
  11. id="iframe_0.6203882237896323" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.6203882237896323',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">}
  12. id="iframe_0.46001951629295945" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.46001951629295945',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">
  13. id="iframe_0.09172290447168052" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_shrink.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.09172290447168052',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">int main() {
  14. id="iframe_0.8486427136231214" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.8486427136231214',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">
  15. id="iframe_0.8748402525670826" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.8748402525670826',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /* 分布P的特征矢量 */
  16. id="iframe_0.45718725910410285" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.45718725910410285',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    feature_t f1[4] = { {100,40,22}, {211,20,2}, {32,190,150}, {2,100,100} };
  17. id="iframe_0.2652773552108556" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.2652773552108556',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /*分布Q的特征矢量 */
  18. id="iframe_0.016863980796188116" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.016863980796188116',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    feature_t f2[3] = { {0,0,0}, {50,100,80}, {255,255,255} };
  19. id="iframe_0.07613023440353572" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.07613023440353572',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /*分布P的权重 */
  20. id="iframe_0.5582009658683091" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5582009658683091',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    float w1[5] = { 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 };
  21. id="iframe_0.31324169621802866" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.31324169621802866',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /*分布Q的权重 */
  22. id="iframe_0.7341312814969569" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.7341312814969569',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    float w2[3] = { 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 };
  23. id="iframe_0.46556183020584285" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.46556183020584285',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /*分布P的签名 */
  24. id="iframe_0.26522848615422845" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.26522848615422845',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    signature_t s1 = { 4, f1, w1 };
  25. id="iframe_0.1938192155212164" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.1938192155212164',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /*分布Q的签名 */
  26. id="iframe_0.5959899798035622" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5959899798035622',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    signature_t s2 = { 3, f2, w2};
  27. id="iframe_0.5327454374637455" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5327454374637455',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    /* 计算EMD */ 
  28. id="iframe_0.5628343552816659" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.5628343552816659',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    float e; 
  29. id="iframe_0.7989976138342172" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.7989976138342172',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    e = emd(&s1, &s2, dist, 0, 0); 
  30. id="iframe_0.05220225919038057" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.05220225919038057',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">    printf("emd = %f\n", e); return 0; 
  31. id="iframe_0.3915507940109819" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.3915507940109819',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">
  32. id="iframe_0.4900689253117889" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/source/plugin/imc_colorcode/images/jssc_none.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.4900689253117889',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0">}



<ignore_js_op> id="iframe_0.007229788461700082" src="data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cimg%20id=%22img%22%20src=%22http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/data/attachment/forum/201306/19/200349a45arnt5ktcmg7rn.gif?_=3314667%22%20style=%22border:none;max-width:796px%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ewindow.onload%20=%20function%20()%20%7Bvar%20img%20=%20document.getElementById('img');%20window.parent.postMessage(%7BiframeId:'iframe_0.007229788461700082',width:img.width,height:img.height%7D,%20'http://www.cnblogs.com');%7D%3C/script%3E" scrolling="no" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 796px;" frameborder="0"> 
结束语本文对与EMD的讨论力求准确，但是错误难免，敬请批评指正，同时请参考其他文献。
参考文献

  • Earth mover’s distance - Wikipedia link
  • Y. Rubner, C. Tomasi and L. J. Guibas: The earth mover’s distance as a metric for image retrieval (PDF), International Journal of Computer Vision, 40(2), pp.99-121, 2000 - EMDの原論文。EMDを類似画像検索に適用しています。
  • Code for the Earth Movers Distance (EMD) - Rubnerさんが公開されているC言語実装 link
  • Fast Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD) Code - EMDを高速計算する実装 link
  • 柳本, 大松: Earth Mover’s Distanceを用いたテキスト分類、人工知能学会全国大会, 2007. - EMDの説明がわかりやすい。画像や音声の手法がテキストにも使えるんですね。
  • lpSolve - R言語のlpSolveのマニュアル。lp.transform()の詳しい仕様はここで。
  • Formal definition of EMD

this article is mainly based on the original text written by sylvan5 on aidiary.some additional contents are added by mckelvin.
本文主要基于sylvan5发表在aidiary的原文，在此基础上增加了一些内容。

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