CTFT题目

目录

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1.证明若$x_a(t)$是有限的，式
$$X_a(j\Omega )={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(t)e^{-j\Omega t}dt$$
定义的$X_a(j\Omega )$的绝对值绝对可积。
解：
$$|x_a(t)|<\infty$$
$$\begin{array}{rl}|x_a(t)|& =|\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{X}_a(j\Omega )e^{j\Omega t}d\Omega |\\ & \le \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }|X_a(j\Omega )||e^{j\Omega t}|d\Omega \\ & =\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }|X_a(j\Omega )d\Omega <\infty \end{array}$$
所以
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }|X_a(j\Omega )d\Omega <\infty$$
即$X_a(j\Omega )$的绝对值绝对可积。
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2.求定义在$-\infty <t<\infty$的下列连续时间函数的CTFT:
(a)$y_a(t)=sin({\Omega }_{a}t)$
(b)$u_a(t)=e^{-\alpha |t|}$
(c)$v_a(t)=e^{j{\Omega }_{0}t}$
(d)$p_a(t)={\sum }_{l=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (t-lT)$
(e)$g_a(t)=e^{-a{t}^2}$
解：
(a)
$$sin({\Omega }_{0}t)=\frac{1}{2j}(e^{j{\Omega }_{0}t}-e^{-j{\Omega }_{0}t})$$
而
$$1\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }2\pi \delta (\Omega )$$
所以
$$\begin{gathered} 1\cdot e^{j{\Omega }_{0}t}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }2\pi \delta (\Omega -{\Omega }_0) \\ 1\cdot e^{-j{\Omega }_{0}t}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }2\pi \delta (\Omega +{\Omega }_0) \end{gathered}$$
则
$$sin({\Omega }_{0}t)\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }\pi j(\delta (\Omega +{\Omega }_0)-\delta (\Omega -{\Omega }_0))$$
(b)
$$U(j\Omega )={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-\alpha |t|}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt={\int }_{-\infty }^0{e}^{\alpha t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt+{\int }_0^{\infty }{e}^{-\alpha t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt$$
$${\int }_0^{\infty }{e}^{-\alpha t}dt=\frac{1}{-\alpha }{e}^{-\alpha t}{|}_0^{\infty }=\frac{1}{\alpha }$$
则
$$\begin{gathered} U(j\Omega )={\int }_{-\infty }^0{e}^{\alpha t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt+{\int }_0^{\infty }{e}^{-\alpha t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt={\int }_0^{\infty }{e}^{-\alpha t}{e}^{j\Omega t}dt+{\int }_0^{\infty }{e}^{-\alpha t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt \\ =\frac{1}{\alpha -j\Omega }+\frac{1}{\alpha +j\Omega }=\frac{2\alpha }{{\Omega }^2+{\alpha }^2} \end{gathered}$$
即
$$e^{-\alpha |t|}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }\frac{2\alpha }{{\Omega }^2+{\alpha }^2}$$
(c)
$$e^{j{\Omega }_{0}t}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }2\pi \delta (\Omega -{\Omega }_0)$$
(d)
  $p_a(t)$是周期为$l$的周期函数，所以可以将其进行傅里叶级数展开,其主周期的傅里叶变换为
$$F(j\Omega )=CTFT[\delta (t)]=1$$
故其傅里叶级数的系数为
$$c_n=\frac{1}{T}F(j\Omega ){|}_{\Omega =n{\Omega }_0}=\frac{1}{T}=\frac{1}{l}$$
即
$$\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (t-lT)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{1}{l}{e}^{jn{\Omega }_{0}t}$$
其中${\Omega }_0=\frac{2\pi }{l}$,将上式两边同时进行傅里叶变换
$$CTFT[\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (t-lT)]=\frac{1}{l}\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }2\pi \delta (\Omega -n{\Omega }_0)={\Omega }_0\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (\Omega -n{\Omega }_0)$$
即
$$\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (t-lT)\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }{\Omega }_0\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (\Omega -n{\Omega }_0),{\Omega }_0=\frac{2\pi }{l}$$
(e)
$$\begin{gathered} {\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-a{t}^2}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-a(t^2+2\frac{j\Omega }{2a}t+(\frac{j\Omega }{2a}{)}^2)+a(\frac{j\Omega }{2a}{)}^2}dt \\ =e^{-\frac{{\Omega }^2}{4a}}{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-a(t+\frac{j\Omega }{2a}{)}^2}dt \end{gathered}$$
考虑一高斯分布为
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2a}}}{e}^{-a(t+\frac{j\Omega }{2a}{)}^2}\Rightarrow {\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{\pi }}{e}^{-a(t+\frac{j\Omega }{2a}{)}^2}dt=1\Rightarrow {\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-a(t+\frac{j\Omega }{2a}{)}^2}dt=\frac{\sqrt{\pi }}{\sqrt{a}}$$
所以
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-a{t}^2}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt=\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{a}}{e}^{-\frac{{\Omega }^2}{4a}}$$
所以
$$e^{-a{t}^2}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{a}}{e}^{-\frac{{\Omega }^2}{4a}}$$
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3.求定义在$-\infty <t<\infty$的下列连续时间函数的CTFT:
(a)$v_a(t)=1$
(b)$${\mu }_a(t)=\{\begin{array}{l}1,t\ge 0\\ 0,t<0\end{array}$$
(c)$$x_a(t)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& |t|<\frac{1}{2}\\ \frac{1}{2},& |t|=\frac{1}{2}\\ 0,& |t|>\frac{1}{2}\end{array}$$
(d)$$y_a(t)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1-2|t|,& |t|<\frac{1}{2}\\ 0,& |t|\ge \frac{1}{2}\end{array}$$
解：
(a)
由于$1$既不绝对可和，也不平方可和，所以不能从定义直接得到，不过可以考虑
$$1=\underset{\alpha \to 0}{\lim }{e}^{-\alpha |t|}$$
由于$$e^{-\alpha |t|}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }\frac{2\alpha }{{\Omega }^2+{\alpha }^2}$$
所以
$$\underset{\alpha \to 0}{\lim }\frac{2\alpha }{{\Omega }^2+{\alpha }^2}=\{\begin{array}{ll}\infty ,& \Omega =0\\ 0,& \Omega ̸=0\end{array}$$
并且
$$\underset{\alpha \to 0}{\lim }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{2\alpha }{{\Omega }^2+{\alpha }^2}d\Omega =\underset{\alpha \to 0}{\lim }2{\int }_{\infty }^{\infty }\frac{1}{1+\frac{{\Omega }^2}{{\alpha }^2}}d(\frac{\Omega }{\alpha })=\underset{\alpha \to 0}{\lim }2arctan(\frac{\Omega }{\alpha }){|}_{-\infty }^{\infty }=2\pi$$
所以
$$1\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }2\pi \delta (\Omega )$$
(b)
$\mu (t)$既不是平方可和，也不是平方可和的，所以还得用别的办法:
$$\mu (t)=\frac{1}{2}(1+sgn(t))$$
$$CTFT[\mu (t)]=CTFT[\frac{1}{2}(1+sgn(t))]=\pi \delta (\Omega )+\frac{1}{j\Omega }$$
(c)
这道题暂时没想到怎么做
(d)
该函数为$\Lambda (2t)$,由于
$$\Lambda (t)\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }(\frac{sin(\frac{\Omega }{2})}{\frac{\Omega }{2}}{)}^2=S{a}^2(\frac{\Omega }{2})$$
所以
$$\Lambda (2t)\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }\frac{1}{4}S{a}^2(\frac{\Omega }{4})$$
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4.为了方便，式定义的高斯密度函数重写如下：
$$h(t)=\frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi }}{e}^{-\frac{(t-\mu {)}^2}{2{\sigma }^2}}$$
其中，$\sigma$和$\mu$分别是该密度函数的方差和均值。具有上式给出的零均值的冲激响应的连续时间的滤波器称为高斯滤波器。证明$h(t)$的$CTFT$也是$\Omega$的高斯函数。
解：考虑零均值的高斯函数
$$h(t)=\frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi }}{e}^{-\frac{t^2}{2{\sigma }^2}}$$
令$a=\frac{1}{2{\sigma }^2}$,则
$$h(t)=\frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi }}{e}^{-a{t}^2}$$
之前已经证明
$$e^{-a{t}^2}\stackrel{CTFT}{\to }\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{a}}{e}^{-\frac{{\Omega }^2}{4a}}$$
则
$$CTFT[h(t)]=\frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi }}\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{a}}{e}^{-\frac{{\Omega }^2}{4a}}=e^{-\frac{{\sigma }^2{\Omega }^2}{2}}$$
服从高斯分布。
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5.有限能量的函数$x_a(t)=sin(t)/\pi t$不是绝对可和的。证明其$CTFT$为
$$X_a(j\Omega )=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& |\Omega |\le 1\\ 0,& |\Omega |>1\end{array}$$
解：
$$\begin{array}{rl}{X}_a(j\Omega )& ={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(t)e^{-j\Omega t}dt={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{sin(t)}{\pi t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt\\ & ={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{sin(t)}{\pi t}(cos(\Omega t)-jsin(\Omega t))dt\\ & ={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{sin(t)cos(\Omega t)}{\pi t}dt={\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{sin(\Omega +1)t+sin(\Omega -1)t}{\pi t}dt\\ & =\frac{\Omega +1}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{sin(\Omega +1)t}{(\Omega +1)t}-\frac{\Omega -1}{\pi }{\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{sin(\Omega -1)t}{(\Omega -1)t}\\ & =\frac{\Omega +1}{2|\Omega +1|}-\frac{\Omega -1}{2|\Omega -1|}\end{array}$$
容易验证
$$X(j\Omega )=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& |\Omega |\le 1\\ 0,& |\Omega |>1\end{array}$$
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6.考虑$CTFT$对
$$x_a(t)\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }{X}_a(j\Omega )$$
证明下面的定理：
(a)时移定理：$x_a(t-t_0)\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }{X}_a(j\Omega )e^{-j\Omega t_0}$
(b)频移定理：$x_a(t)e^{j{\Omega }_{0}t}\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }{X}_a(j(\Omega -{\Omega }_0))$
(c)对称定理：$X_a(t)\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }2\pi x_a(-j\Omega )$
(d)尺度缩放定理：$x_a(at)\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }\frac{1}{|a|}{X}_a(j\frac{\Omega }{a})$
(e)时间微分定理：$\frac{d{x}_a(t)}{dt}\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }j\Omega X_a(j\Omega )$
解：
(a)
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(t-t_0)e^{-j\Omega t}dt\stackrel{m=t-t_0}{\to }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(m)e^{-j\Omega m}{e}^{-j\Omega t_0}dt=X_a(j\Omega )e^{-j\Omega t_0}$$
(b)
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(t)e^{j{\Omega }_{0}t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(t)e^{-j(\Omega -{\Omega }_0)t}dt=X_a(j(\Omega -{\Omega }_0))$$
(c)
$$x_a(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }X(j\Omega )e^{j\Omega t}d\Omega \Rightarrow {\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }X(j\Omega )e^{j\Omega t}d\Omega =2\pi x_a(t)$$
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }X(t)e^{-j\Omega t}dt={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }X(t)e^{j(-\Omega )t}dt=2\pi x_a(-j\Omega )$$
(d)
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(at)e^{-j\Omega t}dt$$
若$a>0,令l=at$
$${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(l)e^{-j\frac{\Omega }{a}l}d(\frac{l}{a})=\frac{1}{a}{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(l)e^{-j\frac{\Omega }{a}l}dl=\frac{1}{a}{X}_a(\frac{j\Omega }{a})$$
若$a<0,令l=at$
$${\int }_{\infty }^{-\infty }{x}_a(l)e^{-j\frac{\Omega }{a}l}d(\frac{l}{a})=-\frac{1}{a}{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}_a(l)e^{-j\frac{\Omega }{a}l}dl=-\frac{1}{a}{X}_a(\frac{j\Omega }{a})$$
注意这里因为$a<0$,所以变量替换的时候积分上下限的正负性发生变化
综上
$$x_a(at)\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }\frac{1}{|a|}{X}_a(\frac{j\Omega }{a})$$
(e)
$$x_a(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }X(j\Omega )e^{j\Omega t}d\Omega$$
左右两边同时对$t$进行积分
$$\frac{d{x}_a(t)}{dt}=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }j\Omega X(j\Omega )e^{j\Omega t}d\Omega$$
所以
$$\frac{d{x}_a(t)}{dt}\stackrel{CTFT}{\leftrightarrow }j\Omega X_a(j\Omega )$$
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7.令$X_a(j\Omega )$表示实值连续时间函数$x_a(t)$的$CTFT$。证明其幅度谱$|X_a(j\Omega )|$是$\Omega$的偶函数，而相位谱 θ ( Ω ) = a r g { X a ( j Ω ) } \theta(\Omega)=arg\{X_a(j\Omega)\} θ(Ω)=arg{Xa​(jΩ)}是$\Omega$的奇函数。
解：由于$x_a(t)$为实值函数，所以$x_a(t)=x_a^{\ast }(t)$
$${\int }_{\infty }^{-\infty }{x}_a^{\ast }(t)e^{-j\Omega t}dt=({\int }_{\infty }^{-\infty }{x}_a(t)e^{-j(-\Omega )t}dt{)}^{\ast }=X_a^{\ast }(-j\Omega )$$
$$\Rightarrow X_a(j\Omega )=X_a^{\ast }(-j\Omega )\Rightarrow X_a(-j\Omega )=X_a^{\ast }(j\Omega )$$
则
$$|X_a(j\Omega )|=|X_a^{\ast }(j\Omega )|=|X(-j\Omega )|$$
a r g { X a ( j Ω ) } = − a r g { X a ∗ ( j Ω ) } = − a r g { X a ( − j Ω ) } arg\{X_a(j\Omega)\}=-arg\{X^{*}_a(j\Omega)\}=-arg\{X_a(-j\Omega)\} arg{Xa​(jΩ)}=−arg{Xa∗​(jΩ)}=−arg{Xa​(−jΩ)}
所以其幅度谱为偶函数，其相位谱为奇函数。
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8.证明式
$$h_{HT}(t)=\frac{1}{\pi t}$$
定义的希尔伯特变换的$CTFT$是
$$H_{HT}(j\Omega )=\{\begin{array}{ll}-j,& \Omega >0\\ j,& \Omega <0\end{array}$$
解：
$$\begin{array}{rl}{H}_{HT}(j\Omega )& ={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{1}{\pi t}{e}^{-j\Omega t}dt\\ & =\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{cos\Omega t-jsin\Omega t}{t}dt\\ & =\frac{-2j\Omega }{\pi }{\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{sin\Omega t}{\Omega t}dt\\ & =-j\frac{\Omega }{|\Omega |}\\ & =\{\begin{array}{ll}-j,& \Omega >0\\ j,& \Omega <0\end{array}\end{array}$$
这里使用了一个结论
$${\int }_0^{\infty }\frac{sin\Omega t}{\Omega t}dt=\frac{\pi }{2|\Omega |}$$
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9.设$x(t)$是实值输入信号，其$CTFT$为$X(j\Omega )=X_p(j\Omega )+X_n(j\Omega )$,其中$X_p(j\Omega )$是占据$X(j\Omega )$正频率范围的分量，$X_n(j\Omega )$是占据$X(j\Omega )$负频率范围的分量。令$\hat{x}(t)$表示$x(t)$的希尔伯特变换。证明：复值信号$y(t)=x(t)+j\hat{x}(t)$的$CTFTY(j\Omega )$为$Y(j\Omega )=2X_p(j\Omega )$,即$y(t)$的谱只包含正频率范围的分量。
解：
由希尔伯特变换的定义
$$\hat{X}(j\Omega )=-j{X}_p(j\Omega )+j{X}_n(j\Omega )$$
则信号$y(t)=x(t)+j\hat{x}(t)$的傅里叶变换为
$$\begin{array}{rl}Y(j\Omega )& =X(j\Omega )+j\hat{X}(j\Omega )\\ & =X_p(j\Omega )+X_n(j\Omega )+j(-j{X}_p(j\Omega )+j{X}_n(j\Omega ))\\ & =2X_p(j\Omega )\end{array}$$
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10.计算式
$$x_a(t)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{e}^{-\alpha t},& t\ge 0\\ 0,& t<0\end{array}$$
中连续时间信号在$\alpha =0.6$时的总能量，并计算其$75\%$带宽。
解：
$${\epsilon }^2={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{x}^2(t)dt={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-2\alpha t}dt=\frac{1}{2\alpha }=\frac{5}{6}$$
$$X(j\Omega )=\frac{1}{\alpha -j\Omega }$$
则
$$\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-{\Omega }_c}^{{\Omega }_c}X(j\Omega )X^{\ast }(j\Omega )d\Omega =\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-{\Omega }_c}^{{\Omega }_c}\frac{1}{{\alpha }^2+{\Omega }^2}d\Omega =0.75\cdot \frac{1}{2\alpha }=\frac{3}{8\alpha }$$
而
$$\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-{\Omega }_c}^{{\Omega }_c}\frac{1}{{\alpha }^2+{\Omega }^2}d\Omega =\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-{\Omega }_c}^{{\Omega }_c}\frac{1}{\alpha }\frac{1}{1+(\frac{\Omega }{\alpha }{)}^2}d\frac{\Omega }{\alpha }=\frac{1}{\alpha \pi }arctan(\frac{{\Omega }_c}{\alpha })$$
$$\Rightarrow arctan(\frac{{\Omega }_c}{\alpha })=\frac{3\pi }{8}$$
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