tensorflow初探

深度学习早就在本科时候就已经接触了，之前也学了不少，但是不够体系化。现在从MNIST系统学习一下啊，这一篇主要是学习官方文档http://www.tensorfly.cn/。

使用tensorflow进行网络设计时，需要先使用tf.placeholder和tf.Variable进行占位符（容器）设定和网络参数变量（也可以理解成占位符）初始化。tf.Variable用于存储权重矩阵和偏置向量，tf.placeholder用于存放样本集数据。通过基础的矩阵乘法和卷积操作定义出计算图，定义优化目标也就是损失函数，再设置优化算法等超参数。然后开始会话，喂数据训练神经网络。

首先是使用Softmax对MNIST进行分类，Softmax regression以前自己实现过，源码请看https://blog.csdn.net/To_be_to_thought/article/details/82791771：

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data

mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data/", one_hot=True)

#占位符，第二个参数的第一个为样本数（自动推算），第二个为样本向量的长度
x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784])
y_ = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 10])

W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784, 10]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))

y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(x, W) + b)

cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_ * tf.log(y))
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01).minimize(cross_entropy)
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)

correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))

for i in range(1000):
    batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100)
    sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys})
    print(sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: mnist.test.images, y_: mnist.test.labels}))

这里使用tensorflow实现softmax确实很简单。

再看卷积神经网络的强大：

from __future__ import print_function
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data

# 权重矩阵初始化
def weight_variable(shape):
    initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape, stddev=0.1)
    return tf.Variable(initial)

# 偏置向量初始化
def bias_variable(shape):
    initial = tf.constant(0.1, shape=shape)
    return tf.Variable(initial)

# 卷积层定义
def conv2d(x, W):
    return tf.nn.conv2d(x, W, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')

# 池化层定义
def max_pool_2x2(x):
    return tf.nn.max_pool(x, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1],
                          strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='SAME')

mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data/", one_hot=True)

#输入输出的占位符定义,x是28*28的图像矩阵拉伸成的长度为784的向量，y_是独热编码，长度为10
x = tf.placeholder("float", shape=[None, 784])
y_ = tf.placeholder("float", shape=[None, 10])

# [batch_size,width,height,channel]
x_image = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28, 28, 1])

# 卷积层的定义格式为[width,height,input_channel,output_channel(kernel_number)],
# 前两个维度是patch的大小，接着是输入的通道数目，最后是输出的通道数目。
# 而对于每一个输出通道都有一个对应的偏置量。
W_conv1 = weight_variable([5, 5, 1, 32])
b_conv1 = bias_variable([32])

# 第一个卷积层和池化层
h_conv1 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(x_image, W_conv1) + b_conv1)
h_pool1 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv1)

W_conv2 = weight_variable([5, 5, 32, 64])
b_conv2 = bias_variable([64])

# 第二个卷积层和池化层
h_conv2 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(h_pool1, W_conv2) + b_conv2)
h_pool2 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv2)

W_fc1 = weight_variable([7 * 7 * 64, 1024])
b_fc1 = bias_variable([1024])

#将各个kernel（channel）进行拉伸拼接成向量
h_pool2_flat = tf.reshape(h_pool2, [-1, 7 * 7 * 64])

#全连接层
h_fc1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(h_pool2_flat, W_fc1) + b_fc1)

#drop_out概率设置
keep_prob = tf.placeholder("float")
h_fc1_drop = tf.nn.dropout(h_fc1, keep_prob)

W_fc2 = weight_variable([1024, 10])
b_fc2 = bias_variable([10])

#softmax层
y_conv = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(h_fc1_drop, W_fc2) + b_fc2)

# 交叉熵损失函数
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_ * tf.log(y_conv))
train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(1e-4).minimize(cross_entropy)
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y_conv, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))

sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
sess.run(tf.initialize_all_variables())
for i in range(20000):
    batch = mnist.train.next_batch(50)
    if i % 100 == 0:
        train_accuracy = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={
            x: batch[0], y_: batch[1], keep_prob: 1.0})
        print("step %d, training accuracy %g" % (i, train_accuracy))
    train_step.run(feed_dict={x: batch[0], y_: batch[1], keep_prob: 0.5})

print("test accuracy %g" % accuracy.eval(feed_dict={x: mnist.test.images, y_: mnist.test.labels, keep_prob: 1.0}))

代码中唯一需要深入思考的就是输入尺寸、kernel尺寸对卷积大小的计算方法。

在看一个拟合二次函数的例子：

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def add_layer(inputs, in_size, out_size, activation_function=None):
    Weights = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([in_size, out_size]))
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, out_size]) + 0.1)
    Wx_plus_b = tf.matmul(inputs, Weights) + biases
    if activation_function is None:
        outputs = Wx_plus_b
    else:
        outputs = activation_function(Wx_plus_b)
    return outputs

# 生成含有噪声的二次函数关系的模拟数据
x_data = np.linspace(-1, 1, 300)[:, np.newaxis]
noise = np.random.normal(0, 0.05, x_data.shape)
y_data = np.square(x_data) - 0.5 + noise

xs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1])
# xs和ys表示占位符，用于后面填入数据，第一个参数接受数据类型，第二个参数表示输入的数据规制，None是样本数量，后面只有1个维度的1维标量
ys = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1])
# add hidden layer
l1 = add_layer(xs, 1, 10, activation_function=tf.nn.relu)
# add output layer
prediction = add_layer(l1, 10, 1, activation_function=None)

# the error between prediction and real data
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(ys - prediction), reduction_indices=[1]))
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.1).minimize(loss)
# important step
sess = tf.Session()

init = tf.global_variables_initializer()  #全局参数初始化
sess.run(init)

# 绘制散点图
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.scatter(x_data, y_data)
plt.ion()  #需要用刷新图片来绘制动画效果必须加上这一句
plt.show()

for i in range(10000):
    sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={xs: x_data, ys: y_data})
    if i % 50 == 0:
        # to visualize the result and improvement
        try:
            ax.lines.remove(lines[0])
        except Exception:
            pass
        prediction_value = sess.run(prediction, feed_dict={xs: x_data})
        # 绘制预测曲线
        lines = ax.plot(x_data, prediction_value, 'r-', lw=5)
        plt.pause(1)

参考：https://tensorflow.google.cn/