语态(主动语态、被动语态(be动词+动词过去分词))
如果想要强调谁,谁就会充当主语;
如果强调动作的执行者,句子会用主动语态;
如果强调动作的承受着,句子就倾向用被动语态;
被动语态的构成也是通过谓语动词的变化完成的;
1. 主+谓
没有被动语态:
The rabbit slept(不及物动词,不存在动作的承受者这个概念).
2. 主+谓+宾
主动语态:The rabbit ate the carrot.
The rabbit 是动作ate的执行者;
the carrot是动作ate的承受者;
被动语态:be+动词过去分词
The carrot was eaten the rabbit.
如果需要标明动作的执行者是谁,借助by+动作执行者
The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.
很多情况下,无需表明“被谁…”这一概念:
The carrot was eaten. 过去分词表被动的意义和被动语态脱不了关系。
3. 主+谓+宾+宾
The rabbit gave the carrot(直接宾语) to the wolf(间接宾语).
如果强调间接宾语the wolf:
The wolf was given the carrot (by the rabbit).狼被兔子给了胡萝卜。
如果强调直接宾语the carrot:
The carrot was given to the wolf (by the rabbit).胡萝卜被兔子给了狼。
如果这个句子主动形式写成:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语,那to就消失了:
The rabbit gave the wolf the carrot.
但在强调直接宾语the carrot变被动句时:
可不能是:the carrot was given the wolf (by the rabbit).
the carrot was given to the wolf (by the rabbit).
4. 主+谓+宾+宾补
主动语态:The wolf invited the rabbit to her party.
狼邀请了兔子去她的聚会。
被动语态:The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf.
The rabbit made the wolf laugh.兔子把狼逗笑了。
make等后接的是省略了to的动词不定式,这种不带to的动词不定式也被称作
The rabbit made the wolf to laugh.
一旦省略了to的动词不定式作宾补,改成被动语态时要把to还原:
the wolf was made to laugh (by the rabbit).
5. 主+系+表
不能变成被动语态。
6. 被动态和时态、语气、情态动词相结合
主动句:the rabbit has eaten the carrot.
被动句:the carrot has been eaten by the rabbit.
现在完成时:助动词(have/has) +动词的过去分词(done)
被动语态:be动词+动词过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态:助动词(have/has) +be动词的过去分词+动词的过去分词(done)提问:has the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?
否定句:the carrot has not been eaten by the rabbit.
the rabbit would have eaten the carrot.
the carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit.
**would **the carrot have been eaten by the rabbit?
the carrot would have **not **been eaten by the rabbit.
the rabbit might eat the carrot.
the carrot might be eaten by the rabbit.
**might **the carrot be eaten by the rabbit?
the carrot might not be eaten by the rabbit.
- 现在完成时的被动语态:助动词(have/has) +be动词的过去分词+动词的过去分词(done)
- 现在进行时的被动语态:be + being + 动词的过去分词(done)