常见函数的导数推导

因为我特别地垃圾，所以很多函数的求导过程都会忘记，所以特有这篇文章来记录一下。

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导函数的定义

$$f^{\prime }(x)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f^{\prime }(x+\Delta x)-f^{\prime }(x)}{\Delta x}$$

基本导函数公式

$$(C{)}^{\prime }=0$$

$${\left[f(x)\pm g(x)\right]}^{\prime }=f^{\prime }(x)\pm g^{\prime }(x)$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\left[f(x)\cdot g(x)\right]}^{\prime }& =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x+\Delta x)\cdot g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)\cdot g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ & =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x+\Delta x)\cdot g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)\cdot g(x+\Delta x)+f(x)\cdot g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)\cdot g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ & =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{g(x+\Delta x)\cdot (f(x+\Delta x)-f(x))+f(x)\cdot (g(x+\Delta x)-g(x))}{\Delta x}\\ & =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }g(x+\Delta x)\cdot f^{\prime }(x)+f(x)\cdot g^{\prime }(x)\\ & =f(x)\cdot g^{\prime }(x)+f^{\prime }(x)\cdot g(x)\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\left[f\left[g(x)\right]\right]}^{\prime }& =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\Delta f\left[g(x)\right]}{\Delta x}\\ & =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\Delta f\left[g(x)\right]}{\Delta g(x)}\cdot \frac{\Delta g(x)}{\Delta x}\\ & =f^{\prime }\left[g(x)\right]\cdot g^{\prime }(x)\end{array}$$

幂函数

$$\begin{gathered} u(x)=f(x{)}^{g(x)} \\ \ln \left[u(x)\right]=\ln \left[f(x)\right]\cdot g(x) \end{gathered}$$

两边同时求导，得
$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{u^{\prime }(x)}{u(x)}& =\frac{f^{\prime }(x)\cdot g(x)}{f(x)}+\ln [f(x)]\cdot g^{\prime }(x)\\ u^{\prime }(x)& =\left[\frac{f^{\prime }(x)\cdot g(x)}{f(x)}+\ln [f(x)]\cdot g^{\prime }(x)\right]\cdot u(x)\end{array}$$
即
$${\left[f(x{)}^{g(x)}\right]}^{\prime }=\left[\frac{f^{\prime }(x)\cdot g(x)}{f(x)}+\ln [f(x)]\cdot g^{\prime }(x)\right]\cdot \left[f(x{)}^{g(x)}\right]$$
由这个基本公式我们可以得到几个常用的特殊幂函数的导数：
$$\begin{array}{rl}(x^a{)}^{\prime }& =(\frac{1\cdot a}{x}+\ln x\cdot 0)\cdot (x^a)\\ & =a\cdot x^{-1}\cdot x^a\\ & =a\cdot x^{a-1}\\ & \\ (a^x{)}^{\prime }& =(\frac{0\cdot x}{a}+\ln a\cdot 1)\cdot (a^x)\\ & =\ln a\cdot a^x\end{array}$$

对数函数

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\left[{\log }_a(x)\right]}^{\prime }& =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{{\log }_a(x+\Delta x)-{\log }_a(x)}{\Delta x}\\ & =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }{\log }_a\left[(\frac{x+\Delta x}{x}{)}^{\frac{1}{\Delta x}}\right]\\ & =\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }{\log }_a\left[(1+\frac{\Delta x}{x}{)}^{\frac{1}{\Delta x}}\right]\end{array}$$

令 $\frac{x}{\Delta x}=h$ ，我们有
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\left[lo{g}_a(x)\right]}^{\prime }& =\underset{h\to \infty }{\lim }{\log }_a\left[(1+\frac{1}{h}{)}^{\frac{h}{x}}\right]\\ & =\underset{h\to \infty }{\lim }{\log }_a\left[(1+\frac{1}{h}{)}^h\right]\cdot \frac{1}{x}\end{array}$$
根据自然常数 $e$ 的定义，我们得到
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\left[lo{g}_a(x)\right]}^{\prime }& =\frac{{\log }_{a}e}{x}\\ & =\frac{(\frac{\ln e}{\ln a})}{x}\\ & =\frac{1}{\ln a\cdot x}\end{array}$$

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先记到这里，想起来再更新吧…