前言
本文主要推导了人教版A版数学选择性必修第二册上直接给出的基本的导数公式
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一、导数的四则运算法则
设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) , g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 均为可导函数
- [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] ′ = f ′ ( x ) ± g ′ ( x ) [f(x) \pm g(x)]' = f'(x) \pm g'(x) [f(x)±g(x)]′=f′(x)±g′(x)
证明: [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] ′ [f(x) \pm g(x)]' [f(x)±g(x)]′
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) ± [ g ( x + Δ x ) − g ( x ) ] Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x) \pm\left[g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)\right]}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)±[g(x+Δx)−g(x)]
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x ± lim Δ x → 0 g ( x + Δ x ) − g ( x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}} \pm \lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)±Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)−g(x)
= f ′ ( x ) ± g ′ ( x ) =f'(x)\pm g'(x) =f′(x)±g′(x)
- [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] ′ = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) [f(x)g(x)]'=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x) [f(x)g(x)]′=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)
证明: [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] ′ [f(x)g(x)]' [f(x)g(x)]′
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)g(x)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)g(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) + f ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)g(x+\Delta x)+f(x)g(x+\Delta x)-f(x)g(x)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)g(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x+Δx)+f(x)g(x+Δx)−f(x)g(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x lim Δ x → 0 g ( x + Δ x ) + f ( x ) lim Δ x → 0 g ( x + Δ x ) − g ( x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}}\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{g(x+\Delta x)}+f(x)\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx→0limg(x+Δx)+f(x)Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)−g(x)
= f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) =f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x) =f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)
- [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] ′ = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) [ g ( x ) ] 2 \left[\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}\right]' = \dfrac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{\left[g(x)\right]^2} [g(x)f(x)]′=[g(x)]2f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)
证明: [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] ′ \left[\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}\right]' [g(x)f(x)]′
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\frac{f(x+\Delta x)}{g(x+\Delta x)}-\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)f(x+Δx)−g(x)f(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) − g ( x + Δ x ) f ( x ) Δ x g ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)g(x)-g(x+\Delta x)f(x)}{\Delta xg(x+\Delta x)g(x)}} =Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)g(x)f(x+Δx)g(x)−g(x+Δx)f(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x g ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) − lim Δ x → 0 g ( x + Δ x ) f ( x ) − f ( x ) g ( x ) Δ x g ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)g(x)-f(x)g(x)}{\Delta xg(x+\Delta x)g(x)}}-\lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0}{\dfrac{g(x+\Delta x)f(x)-f(x)g(x)}{\Delta xg(x+\Delta x)g(x)}} =Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)g(x)f(x+Δx)g(x)−f(x)g(x)−Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)g(x)g(x+Δx)f(x)−f(x)g(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x lim Δ x → 0 g ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) − lim Δ x → 0 g ( x + Δ x ) − g ( x ) Δ x lim Δ x → 0 f ( x ) g ( x + Δ x ) g ( x ) =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}}\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{g(x)}{g(x+\Delta x)g(x)}} - \lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{g(x+\Delta x)-g(x)}{\Delta x}}\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x+\Delta x)g(x)}} =Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx→0limg(x+Δx)g(x)g(x)−Δx→0limΔxg(x+Δx)−g(x)Δx→0limg(x+Δx)g(x)f(x)
= f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) [ g ( x ) ] 2 − g ′ ( x ) f ( x ) [ g ( x ) ] 2 =f'(x)\dfrac{g(x)}{\left[g(x)\right]^2} - g'(x)\dfrac{f(x)}{\left[g(x)\right]^2} =f′(x)[g(x)]2g(x)−g′(x)[g(x)]2f(x)
= f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) [ g ( x ) ] 2 =\dfrac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{\left[g(x)\right]^2} =[g(x)]2f′(x)g(x)−f(x)g′(x)
二、基本初等函数的导数公式
- 若 f ( x ) = x a ( a ∈ N + , 且 a ≠ 1 ) f(x)=x^a(a\in \N_{+},\text{且} a\ne1) f(x)=xa(a∈N+,且a=1) ,则 f ′ ( x ) = a x a − 1 f'(x) = a x^{a-1} f′(x)=axa−1
证明: f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 ( x + Δ x ) a − ( x ) a Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{(x+\Delta x)^{a}-(x)^{a}}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx(x+Δx)a−(x)a
= lim Δ x → 0 ∑ r = 0 a C a r x a − r Δ x r − C a 0 x a Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\sum\limits_{r=0}^{a}{C_{a}^{r}x^{a-r}\Delta x^{r}}-C_{a}^{0}x^{a}}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxr=0∑aCarxa−rΔxr−Ca0xa
= lim Δ x → 0 ∑ r = 1 a C a r x a − r Δ x r Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\sum\limits_{r=1}^{a}{C_{a}^{r}x^{a-r}\Delta x^{r}}}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxr=1∑aCarxa−rΔxr
= lim Δ x → 0 ∑ r = 2 a C a r x a − r Δ x r − 1 + C a 1 x a − 1 =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\sum\limits_{r=2}^{a}{C_{a}^{r}x^{a-r}\Delta x^{r-1}+C_{a}^{1}x^{a-1}}} =Δx→0limr=2∑aCarxa−rΔxr−1+Ca1xa−1
= C a 1 x a − 1 =C_a^{1}x^{a-1} =Ca1xa−1
= a x a − 1 =a x^{a-1} =axa−1
貌似可以推广到 a ∈ R a\in \R a∈R 的情况,待完善
- 若 f ( x ) = sin x f(x)=\sin x f(x)=sinx ,则 f ′ ( x ) = cos x f'(x)=\cos x f′(x)=cosx
证明: f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 sin ( x + Δ x ) − sin x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\sin (x+\Delta x)-\sin x}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxsin(x+Δx)−sinx
= lim Δ x → 0 sin x cos Δ x + sin Δ x cos x − sin x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\sin x \cos\Delta x+\sin \Delta x \cos x-\sin x}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxsinxcosΔx+sinΔxcosx−sinx
= lim Δ x → 0 sin x ( cos Δ x − 1 ) + sin Δ x cos x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\sin x(\cos\Delta x-1)+\sin\Delta x\cos x}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxsinx(cosΔx−1)+sinΔxcosx
= lim Δ x → 0 sin x [ ( 1 − 2 sin 2 Δ x 2 ) − 1 ] + cos x ( 2 sin Δ x 2 cos Δ x 2 ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\sin x\left[\left(1-2\sin^2\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)-1\right]+\cos x\left(2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos \dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxsinx[(1−2sin22Δx)−1]+cosx(2sin2Δxcos2Δx)
= lim Δ x → 0 2 sin Δ x 2 cos Δ x 2 cos x − 2 sin 2 Δ x 2 sin x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos x-2\sin^2\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\sin x}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx2sin2Δxcos2Δxcosx−2sin22Δxsinx
= lim Δ x → 0 2 sin Δ x 2 ( cos Δ x 2 cos x − sin x sin Δ x 2 ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\left(\cos\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos x-\sin x\sin \dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx2sin2Δx(cos2Δxcosx−sinxsin2Δx)
= lim Δ x → 0 2 sin Δ x 2 cos ( Δ x 2 + x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos\left(\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}+x\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx2sin2Δxcos(2Δx+x)
= lim Δ x → 0 cos ( Δ x 2 + x ) sin Δ x 2 Δ x 2 =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\cos\left(\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}+x\right)\dfrac{\sin\frac{\Delta x}{2}}{\frac{\Delta x}{2}}} =Δx→0limcos(2Δx+x)2Δxsin2Δx
= lim Δ x → 0 cos ( Δ x 2 + x ) =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}\cos\left(\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}+x\right) =Δx→0limcos(2Δx+x)
= cos x =\cos x =cosx
- 若 f ( x ) = cos x f(x)=\cos x f(x)=cosx ,则 f ′ ( x ) = − sin x f'(x) = -\sin x f′(x)=−sinx
证明: f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 cos ( x + Δ x ) − cos x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\cos(x+\Delta x)-\cos x}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxcos(x+Δx)−cosx
= lim Δ x → 0 cos x cos Δ x − sin Δ x sin x − cos x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}\dfrac{\cos x\cos \Delta x- \sin \Delta x\sin x-\cos x}{\Delta x} =Δx→0limΔxcosxcosΔx−sinΔxsinx−cosx
= lim Δ x → 0 cos x ( cos Δ x − 1 ) − sin Δ x sin x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\cos x(\cos\Delta x-1)-\sin \Delta x\sin x}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxcosx(cosΔx−1)−sinΔxsinx
= lim Δ x → 0 cos x [ ( 1 − 2 sin 2 Δ x 2 ) − 1 ] − sin x ( 2 sin Δ x 2 cos Δ x 2 ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\cos x \left[\left(1-2\sin^2\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)-1\right]-\sin x\left(2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxcosx[(1−2sin22Δx)−1]−sinx(2sin2Δxcos2Δx)
= lim Δ x → 0 − 2 sin 2 Δ x 2 cos x − 2 sin Δ x 2 sin x cos Δ x 2 Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{-2\sin^2\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos x-2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\sin x \cos\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx−2sin22Δxcosx−2sin2Δxsinxcos2Δx
= lim Δ x → 0 − 2 sin Δ x 2 ( sin Δ x 2 cos x + sin x cos Δ x 2 ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{-2\sin\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\left(\sin \dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\cos x+\sin x \cos \dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx−2sin2Δx(sin2Δxcosx+sinxcos2Δx)
= lim Δ x → 0 − 2 sin Δ x 2 sin ( x + Δ x 2 ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{-2\sin \dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\sin\left(x+\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔx−2sin2Δxsin(x+2Δx)
= lim Δ x → 0 − sin ( x + Δ x 2 ) sin Δ x 2 Δ x 2 =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{-\sin\left(x+\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)\dfrac{\sin\frac{\Delta x}{2}}{\frac{\Delta x}{2}}} =Δx→0lim−sin(x+2Δx)2Δxsin2Δx
= lim Δ x → 0 − sin ( x + Δ x 2 ) =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{-\sin\left(x+\dfrac{\Delta x}{2}\right)} =Δx→0lim−sin(x+2Δx)
= − sin x =-\sin x =−sinx
- 若 f ( x ) = a x ( a > 0 , 且 a ≠ 1 ) f(x)=a^x (a>0,\text{且}a \ne 1) f(x)=ax(a>0,且a=1) ,则 f ′ ( x ) = a x ln a f'(x)=a^x\ln a f′(x)=axlna
证明: f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 a x + Δ x − a x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{a^{x+\Delta x}-a^{x}}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxax+Δx−ax
= lim Δ x → 0 a x ( a Δ x − 1 ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{a^x(a^{\Delta x}-1)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxax(aΔx−1)
令 t = a Δ x − 1 t=a^{\Delta x}-1 t=aΔx−1 ,则 Δ x = log a ( t + 1 ) \Delta x = \log_a(t+1) Δx=loga(t+1)
∵ Δ x → 0 \because\Delta x\to 0 ∵Δx→0
∴ a Δ x → 1 \therefore a^{\Delta x}\to 1 ∴aΔx→1
∴ t + 1 → 1 \therefore t+1\to1 ∴t+1→1
即 t → 0 t\to0 t→0
∴ \therefore ∴ 原极限可化为
f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim t → 0 a x t log a ( t + 1 ) =\lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\dfrac{a^xt}{\log_a(t+1)}} =t→0limloga(t+1)axt
= lim t → 0 a x 1 t log a ( t + 1 ) =\lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\dfrac{a^x}{\dfrac{1}{t}\log_a(t+1)}} =t→0limt1loga(t+1)ax
= lim t → 0 a x log a ( 1 + t ) 1 t =\lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\dfrac{a^x}{\log_a(1+t)^{\frac{1}{t}}}} =t→0limloga(1+t)t1ax
= a x 1 log a e =a^x\dfrac{1}{\log_ae} =axlogae1
= a x ln a ln e =a^x\dfrac{\ln a}{\ln e} =axlnelna
= a x ln a =a^x\ln a =axlna
特别地,当 a = e a=e a=e 时,即 f ( x ) = e x f(x)=e^x f(x)=ex ,有 f ′ ( x ) = e x f'(x)=e^x f′(x)=ex
- 若 f ( x ) = log a x ( a > 0 , 且 a ≠ 1 ) f(x)=\log_ax(a>0,\text{且}a \ne 1) f(x)=logax(a>0,且a=1) ,则 f ′ ( x ) = 1 x ln a f'(x) = \dfrac{1}{x\ln a} f′(x)=xlna1
证明: f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 log a ( x + Δ x ) − log a x Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\log_a(x+\Delta x)-\log_ax}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxloga(x+Δx)−logax
= lim Δ x → 0 log a ( 1 + Δ x x ) Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\log_a\left(1+\dfrac{\Delta x}{x}\right)}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxloga(1+xΔx)
= lim Δ x → 0 log a ( 1 + Δ x x ) 1 Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\log_a{\left(1+\dfrac{\Delta x}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{\Delta x}}}} =Δx→0limloga(1+xΔx)Δx1
令 t = Δ x x t=\dfrac{\Delta x}{x} t=xΔx ,则 1 Δ x = 1 t x \dfrac{1}{\Delta x} = \dfrac{1}{tx} Δx1=tx1
∵ Δ x → 0 \because \Delta x\to 0 ∵Δx→0
∴ Δ x x → 0 \therefore \dfrac{\Delta x}{x}\to 0 ∴xΔx→0
∴ t → 0 \therefore t\to 0 ∴t→0
∴ \therefore ∴ 原极限可化为
f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim t → 0 log a ( 1 + t ) 1 t x =\lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\log_a\left(1+t\right)^{\frac{1}{tx}}} =t→0limloga(1+t)tx1
= lim t → 0 1 x log a ( 1 + t ) 1 t =\lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\dfrac{1}{x}\log_a\left(1+t\right)^{\frac{1}{t}}} =t→0limx1loga(1+t)t1
= 1 x log a e =\dfrac{1}{x}\log_ae =x1logae
= 1 ln e x ln a =\dfrac{1\ln e}{x\ln a} =xlna1lne
= 1 x ln a =\dfrac{1}{x\ln a} =xlna1
特别地,当 a = e a=e a=e 时,即 f ( x ) = ln x f(x)=\ln x f(x)=lnx ,有 f ′ ( x ) = 1 x f'(x)=\dfrac{1}{x} f′(x)=x1
- 若 f ( x ) = ϕ ( ϕ 为常数 ) f(x)=\phi ( \phi \text{为常数}) f(x)=ϕ(ϕ为常数) ,则 f ′ ( x ) = 0 f'(x)=0 f′(x)=0
证明: f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)
= lim Δ x → 0 ϕ − ϕ Δ x =\lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}{\dfrac{\phi-\phi}{\Delta x}} =Δx→0limΔxϕ−ϕ
= 0 =0 =0
总结
本文推导了部分基本的导数公式
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