【IoT】2.External and Internal Environment 企业外面的“大环境”、内部的“小圈子”

目录

1.Business Environment

Factors influencing it：

2.External Environment：Macro & Micro

Key differences between micro and macro

PESTEL：

Macro external environment process

3. Internal Environment

Questions

1.Describe the external factors that affect business environment, on macro and micro level

2.What are the different types of firms?

3. What are the different types of firm structures?

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1.Business Environment

• What it is？

the environment the organisation is located which contains the phenomena which can influence its behaviour and performance（商业组织深陷其中的，影响着组织行为表现的环境

• What is a business organization？

a system whose performance is influenced by a whole range of phenomena in its environment（反过来，商业组织就是受外界环境、现象影响的系统

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Factors influencing it：

external situation

inner department competition

replace between departments

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2.External Environment：Macro & Micro

• Macro（宏观）：generally influences the working, performance, decision making and strategy

• Micro（微观）：direct contact with the business organization and the routine activit

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Key differences between micro and macro

这几点内容互有重叠：

1. Micro environment is in immediate contact with the firm .

2. The factors of the micro environment affect the particular business only.

    macro  environmental factors affect all the business entities .

3. The micro-environmental factors are controllable by the business but to some extent only .

    macroeconomic variables are uncontrollable.

4. The elements of the micro-environment affect directly and regularly to the firm

    Just opposite in the case of the macro environment .

5. The study of the micro environment is described as COSMIC analysis.

    PESTEL  analysis is a study of the macro environment .

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PESTEL：

macro external factors；about future markets，growth，loss，profit

Political，Economic，Socio-cultural，Technological，Ecological/Environmental，Legal

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Macro external environment process

 

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3. Internal Environment

Definition：Functions that are found within the organisation itself

Marketing department 市场经营

Production 生产

Finance ￥财政

Human Resource Management (HRM) 人力资源猎头

Research and Development (R&D) 研发、点科技树

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Questions

1.Describe the external factors that affect business environment, on macro and micro level

Macro factor：参考之前提过的 “PESTEL” 即可。

Micro factor：

Supplier

Customer

Intermediater (Wholesaler，Retailer)        中间商；承包商

Competitor

Financial Community

Local C ommunity

 Pressure Groups

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2.What are the different types of firms?

1）Sole trader

• Most basic form
• Individual is responsible financially and legally for any debts, contracts, etc.
• If the business owes money and there is insufficient money in the business itself, then the private individual is liable(应负责任的)
• Very easy to establish
• Difficult to know how many organisations exist

Eg. hairdressers, newsagents, window cleaners

2）Partnerships

• Two or more people combine resources and form a partnership
• the relation which subsists(存在，维持) between persons carrying on a business with a view to profit
• Contract exists between the two parties, terms include:

            1. The amount of capital subscribed by each partner

            2. How profits will be determined and allocated between partners

            3. Salary allocation for the partners

            4. Procedure for dissolving the partnership

3）Private limited company

（1）‘Limited’ means the owners no longer have unlimited liability for the debts of their companies.

（2）2 legal documents required：

• Memorandum of Association：备忘录

       regulates the company’s association with the outside world，includes：

            Name of the company – must end in Limited；

                 A statement regarding the limited liability of the owners；业主的有限责任声明

            Objects clause – “this specifies the scope within which the company can                                   execute its separate legal personality”；对象条款：规定公司可以行使其独立                         法人资格的范围

• Articles of Association：公司章程

       regulates the internal administration of the company，includes：

           hold and transfer of shares；股份持有及转让

           Rights of shareholders；股东权限

           Meetings of members；成员会议

           Appointment of directors；人事任命

           Procedures for producing and auditing accounts；如何编制、审计账目

4）Public limited company

Must have a minimum of two directors

Can offer its shares and debentures（债券） to the public

5）Co-operatives

to provide cheap goods to their members and to share any profits

6）Charity

provide charitable support for various groups in society；

Employees often work as volunteers and do not receive any financial reward ；

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3. What are the different types of firm structures?

1）Line relationships：垂管

authority flows vertically downward through the structure from superior to subordinate (e.g. managers- section leader-staff)

2）Functional relationships：功能性管理

between specialists (or advisors) and line managers and their subordinates

     ______Boss

    |               |

砖家             |

    |______小弟

3）Lateral relationships：同级管理

between individuals occupying equivalent positions within different departments or sections

部门1——部门2——部门3——......

部分图例，了解即可：