动手学习数据分析task2

参考来源：https://github.com/datawhalechina/hands-on-data-analysis

开始之前，导入numpy、pandas包和数据

#加载所需的库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

#加载数据train.csv
df = pd.read_csv("train.csv")
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

2 第二章：数据清洗及特征处理

我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的，所谓的不干净，就是数据中有缺失值，有一些异常点等，需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模，所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗，本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作，将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的亚子。

2.1 缺失值观察与处理

我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值，比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN，那其他列还有没有缺失值，这些缺失值要怎么处理呢

2.1.1 任务一：缺失值观察

(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据
以上方式都有多种方式，所以大家多多益善

#查看缺失值方法一
df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------       --------------  -----  
 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  
 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  
 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  
 3   Name         891 non-null    object 
 4   Sex          891 non-null    object 
 5   Age          714 non-null    float64
 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  
 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  
 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object 
 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64
 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object 
 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB

#查看缺失值方法2
df.isnull().sum()

PassengerId      0
Survived         0
Pclass           0
Name             0
Sex              0
Age            177
SibSp            0
Parch            0
Ticket           0
Fare             0
Cabin          687
Embarked         2
dtype: int64

#查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head()

	Age	Cabin	Embarked
0	22.0	NaN	S
1	38.0	C85	C
2	26.0	NaN	S
3	35.0	C123	S
4	35.0	NaN	S

2.1.2 任务二：对缺失值进行处理

(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路

(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理

(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理

#处理缺失值的一般思路：
#提醒：可使用的函数有--->dropna函数与fillna函数
df2 = df[df['Age'].isnull()]
df2.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
5	6	0	3	Moran, Mr. James	male	NaN	0	0	330877	8.4583	NaN	Q
17	18	1	2	Williams, Mr. Charles Eugene	male	NaN	0	0	244373	13.0000	NaN	S
19	20	1	3	Masselmani, Mrs. Fatima	female	NaN	0	0	2649	7.2250	NaN	C
26	27	0	3	Emir, Mr. Farred Chehab	male	NaN	0	0	2631	7.2250	NaN	C
28	29	1	3	O'Dwyer, Miss. Ellen "Nellie"	female	NaN	0	0	330959	7.8792	NaN	Q

#用0填充空值
df[df['Age'].isnull()] = 0 
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

#用0填充空值
df[df['Age'] == np.nan] = 0
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

【思考1】dropna和fillna有哪些参数，分别如何使用呢?

【思考】检索空缺值用np.nan,None以及.isnull()哪个更好，这是为什么？如果其中某个方式无法找到缺失值，原因又是为什么？

#思考回答
数值列读取数据后，空缺值的数据类型为float64，用None一般索引不到，比较的时候最好用np.nan

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html

2.2 重复值观察与处理

由于这样那样的原因，数据中会不会存在重复值呢，如果存在要怎样处理呢

2.2.1 任务一：请查看数据中的重复值

df[df.duplicated()]

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
17	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
19	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
26	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
28	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
29	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
859	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
863	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
868	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
878	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0
888	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0

176 rows × 12 columns

2.2.2 任务二：对重复值进行处理

(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢？

(2)处理我们数据的重复值

方法多多益善

#处理行重复值
df = df.drop_duplicates()
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

2.2.3 任务三：将前面清洗的数据保存为csv格式

df.to_csv("train_clear.csv")

2.3 特征观察与处理

我们对特征进行一下观察，可以把特征大概分为两大类：
数值型特征：Survived ，Pclass， Age ，SibSp， Parch， Fare，其中Survived， Pclass为离散型数值特征，Age，SibSp， Parch， Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征：Name， Sex， Cabin，Embarked， Ticket，其中Sex， Cabin， Embarked， Ticket为类别型文本特征，数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练，但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。

2.3.1 任务一：对年龄进行分箱（离散化）处理

(1) 分箱操作是什么？

分箱是将连续值转化为离散值的一个操作，将连续的一段数据划分到一个类别中，观察类别之间的区别

(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50% 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示

(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存，保存为csv格式

#分箱操作是什么：
分箱是将连续值转化为离散值的一个操作，将连续的一段数据划分到一个类别中，观察类别之间的区别

#(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'], 5,labels = [1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	3
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	3
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	3

df.to_csv("train_mean.csv")

#(3)将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels = [1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	3
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	3
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	4
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	4

df.to_csv("train_cut.csv")

#(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50% 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9],labels = [1,2,3,4,5])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	NaN
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	NaN
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	NaN
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	NaN
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	NaN

df.to_csv("train_percentage.csv")

#(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存，保存为csv格式

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html

2.3.2 任务二：对文本变量进行转换

(1) 查看文本变量名及种类
(2) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin ，Embarked用数值变量12345表示
(3) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin， Embarked用one-hot编码表示

from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = "all" 

#写入代码
df['Sex'].value_counts()
df['Cabin'].value_counts()
df['Embarked'].value_counts()

male      453
female    261
0           1
Name: Sex, dtype: int64






G6             4
C23 C25 C27    4
B96 B98        4
D              3
F33            3
              ..
C82            1
B30            1
C87            1
D19            1
D28            1
Name: Cabin, Length: 135, dtype: int64






S    554
C    130
Q     28
0      1
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64

#写入代码
df['Sex'].unique()
df['Sex'].nunique()
df['Embarked'].unique()
df['Embarked'].nunique()

array(['male', 'female', 0], dtype=object)






3






array(['S', 'C', 0, 'Q', nan], dtype=object)






4

#方法一：replace方法
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	NaN	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	NaN	2
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	NaN	2
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	NaN	2
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	NaN	1

#方法二：map方法
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].map({'male': 1, 'female': 2})
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	NaN	1.0
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	NaN	2.0
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	NaN	2.0
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	NaN	2.0
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	NaN	1.0

#方法三：使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for feat in ['Cabin', 'Ticket']:
    lbl = LabelEncoder()  
    label_dict = dict(zip(df[feat].unique(), range(df[feat].nunique())))
    df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = df[feat].map(label_dict)
    df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(df[feat].astype(str))

df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num	Cabin_labelEncode	Ticket_labelEncode
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	NaN	1.0	135	409
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	NaN	2.0	74	472
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S	NaN	2.0	135	533
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S	NaN	2.0	50	41
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S	NaN	1.0	135	374

#将类别文本转换为one-hot编码

#方法一: OneHotEncoder
for feat in ["Age", "Embarked"]:
#     x = pd.get_dummies(df["Age"] // 6)
#     x = pd.get_dummies(pd.cut(df['Age'],5))
    x = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
    df = pd.concat([df, x], axis=1)
    #df[feat] = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
    
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	...	Age_66.0	Age_70.0	Age_70.5	Age_71.0	Age_74.0	Age_80.0	Embarked_0	Embarked_C	Embarked_Q	Embarked_S
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

5 rows × 109 columns

2.3.3 任务三：从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征(所谓的Titles就是Mr,Miss,Mrs等)

df['Title'] = df.Name.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)\.', expand=False)
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	...	Age_70.0	Age_70.5	Age_71.0	Age_74.0	Age_80.0	Embarked_0	Embarked_C	Embarked_Q	Embarked_S	Title
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Mr
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	Mrs
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Miss
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Mrs
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	...	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Mr

5 rows × 110 columns

#保存最终你完成的已经清理好的数据
df.to_csv('test_fin.csv')