自动创建设备节点-mdev和udev

我们在刚开始写Linux 设备驱动程序的时候，很多时候都是利用mknod 命令手动创建设备节点，实际上Linux 内核为我们提供了一组函数，可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev 目录下创建相应设备节点，并在卸载模块时删除该节点，当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev 。 

内核中定义了struct class 结构体，顾名思义，一个struct class 结构体类型变量对应一个类，内核同时提供了class_create( …) 函数，可以用它来创建一个类，这个类存放于sysfs 下面，一旦创建好了这个类，再调用device_create( …) 函数来在/dev 目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样，加载模块的时候，用户空间中的udev 会自动响应device_create( …) 函数，去/sysfs 下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。 

注意，在2.6 较早的内核版本中，device_create( …) 函数名称不同，是class_device_create( …) ，所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错，就是因为函数名称不同，而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。 

struct class 和 device_create( … ) 以及 device_create( … ) 都定义在 /include/linux/device.h 中，使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件，否则编译器会报错。

 

在2. 6. 26. 6内核版本中，struct class定义在头文件include/ linux/ device. h中：
/*
      * device classes
      */
    struct class {
      const char * name;
      struct module * owner;
  nbsp; struct kset subsys;
      struct list_head devices;
      struct list_head interfaces;
      struct kset class_dirs;
      struct semaphore sem; /* locks children, devices, interfaces */
      struct class_attribute * class_attrs;
      struct device_attribute * dev_attrs;
  int ( * dev_uevent) ( struct device * dev, struct kobj_uevent_env * env) ;
  void ( * class_release) ( struct class * class ) ;
      void ( * dev_release) ( struct device * dev) ;
  int ( * suspend) ( struct device * dev, pm_message_t state) ;
      int ( * resume) ( struct device * dev) ;
} ;
class_create( …) 在/ drivers/ base/ class . c中实现：
     /**
    * class_create - create a struct class structure
    * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
    * @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
    *
    * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
    * in calls to device_create().
    *
    * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
    * making a call to class_destroy().
    */
   struct class * class_create( struct module * owner, const char * name)
   {
      struct class * cls;
      int retval;
      cls = kzalloc( sizeof ( * cls) , GFP_KERNEL) ;
      if ( ! cls) {
           retval = - ENOMEM;
           goto error ;
      }
  cls- > name = name;
      cls- > owner = owner;
      cls- > class_release = class_create_release;
  retval = class_register( cls) ;
      if ( retval)
           goto error ;
  return cls;
error :
      kfree( cls) ;
      return ERR_PTR( retval) ;
    }
    第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块，第二个参数指定类名。
    在class. c中，还定义了class_destroy( …) 函数，用于在模块卸载时删除类。
device_create( …) 函数在/ drivers/ base/ core. c中实现：
    /**
     * device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
     * @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
     * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
     * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
     * @fmt: string for the device's name
     *
     * This function can be used by char device classes. A struct device
     * will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
     *
     * A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
     * the dev_t is not 0,0.
     * If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
     * struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
     * The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
     * Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
     * pointer.
     *
     * Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
     * been created with a call to class_create().
     */
    struct device * device_create( struct class * class , struct device * parent,
                        dev_t devt, const char * fmt, . . . )
    {
         va_list vargs;
         struct device * dev;
     va_start ( vargs, fmt) ;
         dev = device_create_vargs( class , parent, devt, NULL , fmt, vargs) ;
         va_end ( vargs) ;
         return dev;
    }
第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类，第二个参数是这个设备的父设备，如果没有就指定为NULL，第三个参数是设备号，第四个参数是设备名称，第五个参数是从设备号。
下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数
    # include < linux/ module. h>
    # include < linux/ kernel. h>
    # include < linux/ init. h>
    # include < linux/ fs. h>
    # include < linux/ cdev. h>
    # include < linux/ device. h>
MODULE_LICENSE ( "GPL" ) ;
int hello_major = 555;
    int hello_minor = 0;
    int number_of_devices = 1;
struct cdev cdev;
    dev_t dev = 0;
struct file_operations hello_fops = {
      . owner = THIS_MODULE
    } ;
static void char_reg_setup_cdev ( void )
    {
       int error , devno = MKDEV ( hello_major, hello_minor) ;
       cdev_init ( & cdev, & hello_fops) ;
       cdev. owner = THIS_MODULE;
       cdev. ops = & hello_fops;
       error = cdev_add ( & cdev, devno , 1) ;
       if ( error )
           printk ( KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev" , error ) ;
}
struct class * my_class;
static int __init hello_2_init ( void )
    {
       int result;
       dev = MKDEV ( hello_major, hello_minor) ;
       result = register_chrdev_region ( dev, number_of_devices, "hello" ) ;
       if ( result< 0) {
           printk ( KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d/n" , hello_major) ;
           return result;
     }
 char_reg_setup_cdev ( ) ;
 /* create your own class under /sysfs */
     my_class = class_create( THIS_MODULE, "my_class" ) ;
     if ( IS_ERR( my_class) )
     {
          printk( "Err: failed in creating class./n" ) ;
          return - 1;
      }
  /* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */
      device_create( my_class, NULL , MKDEV( hello_major, 0) , "hello" "%d" , 0 ) ;
  printk ( KERN_INFO "Registered character driver/n" ) ;
      return 0;
    }
static void __exit hello_2_exit ( void )
    {
       dev_t devno = MKDEV ( hello_major, hello_minor) ;

       cdev_del ( & cdev) ;
   device_destroy( my_class, MKDEV( adc_major, 0) ) ; //delete device node under /dev

       class_destroy( my_class) ; //delete class created by us

   unregister_chrdev_region ( devno, number_of_devices) ;
   printk ( KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up/n" ) ;
    }
module_init ( hello_2_init) ;
    module_exit ( hello_2_exit) ;
这样，模块加载后，就能在/ dev目录下找到hello0这个设备节点了。