翻译：测试成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（7）

3.3 Generic Goals and Generic Practices

3.3 通用目标和通用实践

This section describes all of the generic goals and generic practices. The generic goals and generic practices are
largely derived from the CMMI. The generic goals are organized in numeric order. The generic practices are also
organized in numerical order under the generic goal they support. Note that the generic goal from the CMMI, GG1
‘Achieve Specific Goals’ is not taken into account since this only relates to the continuous representation of the
CMMI and therefore has no relevance to the staged representation of the TMMi. Otherwise the numbering scheme
of the CMMI is fully adopted to avoid confusion for organizations using both CMMI and TMMi.
本章描述了所有通用目标和通用实践。通用目标和通用实践很大程度上来源于CMMI。通用目标被组织成数字序列。在它们支持的通用目标下通用实践也被组织成数字序列。请注意，来自CMMI的通用目标，GG1‘实现特定目标’没有被加入是因为它仅仅叙述CMMI的持续表示，因此没有适当的TMMi的阶段表述。否则CMMI的序列大纲可以被完全应用，以避免组织在使用CMMI和TMMi时的混淆。
The capability level you are targeting at will determine which generic goals and practices are applicable. When
trying to reach maturity level 2 the process areas at maturity level 2 as well as generic goal 2 and the
accompanying generic practices are applicable. Generic goal 3 is only applicable when trying to reach maturity
level 3 or higher. This means that when you have already achieved a maturity level 2 rating, to achieve a maturity
level 3 rating you must return to maturity level 2 process areas and apply generic goal 3 and the accompanying
practices.
你的能力级别，将决定哪些通用目标和实践是适用的。当试图达到2级成熟度时，2级成熟度的过程域，通用目标2和伴随的通用实践也是适用的。通用目标3仅仅适用于当试图达到3级或者更高成熟度的时候。这就意味着当你已经达到2级成熟度的时候，为了达到3级成熟度，你必须回到2级的过程域，应用通用目标3和相关的实践。
Institutionalization is an important concept in process improvement. When mentioned in the generic goal and
generic practice descriptions, institutionalization implies that the process is ingrained in the way the work is
performed and there is commitment and consistency to performing the process. An institutionalized process is
more likely to be retained during times of stress. When the requirements and objectives for the process change,
however, the implementation of the process may also need to change to ensure that it remains active. The generic
practices describe activities that address these aspects of institutionalization.
在过程改进中，制度化是重要的内容。当在通用目标和通用实践提及时，制度化意味着该过程在工作执行的方式根深蒂固，并有保证和连贯性。一个制度化的过程更像是时间压力下的保留。当过程的需求和对象发生改变时，过程的执行也需要改变以确保它仍然活动。通用实践描述的实体定位了制度化的各个方面。
GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
GG 2 制度化可管理过程
A managed process is a process that accomplishes the work necessary to produce work products; is
planned and executed in accordance with policy; employee skilled people have adequate resources to produce controlled outputs; involves relevant stakeholders; is monitored and controlled, reviewed; and
is evaluated for adherence to its process descriptions. The process may be instantiated by a project,
group, or organizational unit. The control provided by a managed process helps to ensure that the
established process is retained during times of stress.
一个可管理的过程是完成必要的工作，产生工作产品的过程；是一个有计划并按照策略执行的过程；有技能的员工有充足的资源生产可控的产出；涉及利益相关者；可监控；有评审；评估其遵守过程描述。过程能用项目，组，或者组织单元来示例。由可管理的过程提供的控件，有助于确保既定的过程是在面临压力时的保留。
GP 2.1 Establish an organizational policy
GP 2.1 建立组织策略
The purpose of this generic practice is to define the organizational expectations for the process and
make these expectations visible to those in the organization who are affected. In general, senior
management is responsible for establishing and communicating guiding principles, direction, and
expectations for the organization.
该通用实践的目的是定义过程的组织期望，并使这些期望呈现给那些在组织中受影响的人。一般而言，高级管理人员负责建立和传达指导原则，方向和负责该组织的期望。
GP 2.2 Plan the process
GP 2.2 计划过程
The purpose of this generic practice is to determine what is needed to perform the process and to
achieve the established objectives, to prepare a plan for performing the process, to prepare a process
description, and to get agreement on the plan from relevant stakeholders by performing reviews.
这里通用实践的目的是决定哪些是执行过程所需要的，并实现既定目标，准备执行过程中的计划，准备一个过程的描述，而且能够从利益相关者通过执行评审计划达成协议。
GP 2.3 Provide resources
GP 2.3 提供资源
The purpose of this generic practice is to ensure that resources necessary to perform the process as
defined by the plan are available when they are needed. Resources include adequate funding,
appropriate physical facilities, skilled people, and appropriate tools.
这里通用实践的目的是要确保必要的资源来执行根据计划定义好的过程。资源包括充足的资金，适当的物理设施，熟练的人，和适当的工具。
GP 2.4 Assign responsibilities
GP 2.4 分配责任
The purpose of this generic practice is to ensure that there is accountability for performing the process
and achieving the specified results throughout the life of the process. The people assigned must have
the appropriate authority to perform the assigned responsibilities. Responsibilities can be assigned
using detailed job descriptions or in living documents, such as the plan for performing the process.
该通用实践的目的是确保有问责制来执行过程并实现整个过程生命中指定的结果。被分配的人员必须要有适当的权力来执行所分配的事。分配职责可以使用详细的工作描述或者活动的文档，例如执行过程的计划。
GP 2.5 Train people
GP 2.5 培训人员
The purpose of this generic practice is to ensure that the people have the necessary skills and
expertise to perform or support the process. Appropriate training is provided to the people who will
perform the work. Overview training is provided to orient people who interact with those performing the
work. Training supports the successful performance of the process by establishing a common
understanding of the process, and by imparting the skills and knowledge needed to perform the
process.
该通用实践的目的是确保人员有必要的技能和经验来执行或者支持过程。需要提供适当的培训。概要的培训要提供给那些与执行工作有交互的人员。通过建立对过程统一理解，传授执行过程所需要的技能和知识，培训支持成功的过程性能。
GP 2.6 Manage configuration
GP 2.6 管理配置
The purpose of this generic practice is to establish and maintain the integrity of the designated work
products of the process throughout their useful life. The designated work products are specifically
identified in the plan for performing the process, along with a specification of the level of configuration
management, e.g. version control or formal configuration management using baselines. Examples of
configuration management practices include version control, change history and control, status
identification and usage of configuration management tools for storage. Refer to the Configuration
Management process area within CMMI for more information on placing work products under
configuration management.
该通用实践的目的是建立和维护过程在有效生命周期指定工作产品的完整性。这里的工作产品特指在执行过程的计划里指出的，除了这个级别的配置管理说明，如版本控制，使用基线的正式配置管理等。配置管理实践的例子包括版本控制，更改历史记录和控制，状态识别和使用配置管理工具。更多信息关于把工作产品放到配置管理的可以参考CMMI的配置管理过程域。
GP 2.7 Identify and involve relevant stakeholders
GP 2.7 识别及使相关利益共享者参与
The purpose of this generic practice is to establish and maintain the expected involvement of
stakeholders during the execution of the process. Relevant stakeholders are involved in activities such
as planning, decisions, commitments, communications, reviews and resolution of problems. Critical
stakeholders in the testing process include managers and users/customer. The manager’s role
involves commitment and ability to perform activities and tasks related to improving testing capability.
The user’s or customer’s role involves co-operation, support or even performing testing activities.
Users/customers should be involved in quality-related activities and tasks that concern user-oriented
needs. The focus is on solicitation user/customer support, consensus and participating in activities
such as product risk analysis, acceptance testing and possibly usability testing. Depending on the test
level the developer may also be a stakeholder, e.g. at component testing the developer often performs
the testing activities himself, however at acceptance test level the developer becomes a stakeholder
for discussing incidents found, agreeing on entry criteria etc.
该通用实践的目的是在过程执行期间建立和维护期望利益相关者的参与。利益相关者要参与的活动有计划，决定，承诺，沟通，评审，问题的解决。决定性的利益相关者包括经理和用户/客户。经理的职责包括承诺，执行活动和改进测试能力的相关任务的能力。用户的职责包括质量相关的活动，涉及到面向用户的任务。重点是征求用户/客户支持，协商一致和参与的活动，如产品风险分析，验收测试和可用性测试。根据不用的测试级别，开发人员也是利益相关者，如在测试部分，开发人员经常自己执行测试，而在验收测试阶段开发人员变成一个利益相关者来讨论事件发现，商定入口标准等。
GP 2.8 Monitor and control the process
GP 2.8 监视和控制过程
The purpose of this generic practice is to perform the direct day-to-day monitoring and controlling of
the test process. Appropriate visibility into the test process is maintained so that appropriate corrective
action can be taken when necessary. Monitoring and controlling the process involves measuring
appropriate attributes of the test process and work products produced by the test process. Refer to the
Test monitoring and control process area for more information on placing work products under
configuration management. Refer to the Measurement and Analysis process area with CMMI for more
information on measurement.
该通用实践的目的是执行测试过程日常的监视和控制。在测试过程中维持适当的清晰度以便在必要的时候产用适当的行动。监控过程包括度量测试过程和它的工作产品的合适属性。更多信息关于把工作产品放到配置管理的可以参考CMMI的配置管理过程域。度量方面的更多信息可以参考CMMI的度量和分析过程域。
GP 2.9 Objectively evaluate adherence
GP 2.9 坚持客观评估
The purpose of this generic practice is to provide credible assurance that the process is implemented
as planned and adheres to its process description, standard, and procedures. People not directly
responsible for managing or performing the activities of the test process typically evaluate adherence.
In many cases, adherence is evaluated by people within the organization, but external to the test
process or project. Refer to the Process and Product Quality Assurance process area with CMMI for
more information on objectively evaluating adherence.
该通用目标的目的是提供可靠的保证，确保过程是按照计划执行的，并遵循它的过程描述，标准和步骤。人员不负责直接管理或者执行测试过程的活动，而是坚持评估。在许多情况下，坚持是组织内的人员评估，而不是测试过程或者项目外的。更多信息关于坚持客观评估的可以参考CMMI的过程和产品质量保证过程域。
GP 2.10 Review status with higher level management
GP 2.10 高级管理人员的评审状态
The purpose of this generic practice is to provide higher level management with the appropriate
visibility into the process. Higher level management includes those levels of management in the
organization above the immediate level of management responsible for the process. These reviews
are for managers who provide policy and overall guidance for the process, not for those who perform
the direct day-to-day monitoring and controlling of the process.
该通用实践的目的是提供高水平的管理人员在过程中的适当可视性。更高一级的管理包括在上述的管理水平直接负责组织对这一进程的管理水平。这些审查是对提供策略和过程总体指导的经理们的，而不是为那些日常直接执行监测和控制过程的人员。
GG 3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
GG 3 制度化已定义的过程
A defined process is a managed process that is tailored from the organization’s set of standard
processes according to the organization’s tailoring guidelines; has maintained process descriptions;
and contributes work products, measures, and other process improvement information to the
organizational process assets. A critical distinction between a managed process and a defined
process is the scope of application of the process descriptions, standards, and procedures. For a
managed process descriptions, standards, and procedures are applicable to a particular project,
group, or organizational function. As a result, the managed processes of two projects in one
organization may be different. A defined process is standardized as much as possible across the
organization and only when required adapted for a specific project or organizational function based on
tailoring guidelines.
已定义过程是一个管理过程，它根据组织的裁剪准则从组织的一套标准过程里裁剪出来；它有已维护的过程描述；贡献工作产品，尺度，和其他过程改进信息到组织的过程资产里。一个已管理的过程和已定义的过程之间的明显差别是过程描述的适用范围，标准，和适用于特定项目，组，或者组织部门的步骤可能是不一样的。已定义过程尽可能是组织的标准，只是为了适应特殊项目或者组织部门才会在组织裁剪准则的基础上修改。
GP 3.1 Establish a defined process
GP 3.1 建立已定义的过程
The purpose of this generic practice is to establish and maintain a description of the process that is
tailored from the organization’s set of standard processes to address the needs of a specific
instantiation. The organization should have standard processes that cover the process area, as well
as have guidelines for tailoring these standard processes to meet the needs of a project or
organizational function. With a defined process, variability in how the processes are performed across
the organization is reduced and process assets, data, and learning can be effectively shared. Refer to
the Organization Process Definition process area with CMMI for more information about the
organization’s set of standard processes and tailoring guidelines.
该通用实践是建立和维护过程的描述，这些过程是从组织的一套标准过程里裁剪出来以满足特别示例的需要。组织应该有包含过程域的标准过程，也有指导裁剪那些标准过程的指导方针，用来满足项目或者组织部门的需要。在一个已定义的过程里，组织如何被执行的可变性被减少，过程资产，数据，知识被有效共享。关于组织的一套标准过程和裁剪准则请参考CMMI的组织过程定义过程域。
GP 3.2 Collect improvement information
GP 3.2 收集改进信息
The purpose of this generic practice is to collect information and artifacts derived from planning and
performing the process to support future use and improvement of the organization’s processes and
process assets. The information and artifacts are stored and made available to those who are (or who
will be) planning and performing the same or similar processes.
该通用实践的目的是收集信息，源自计划的原材料，执行过程以支持将来使用，组织过程的改进，和过程资产。信息和原材料被存储，并提供给那些正在（或者将要）计划和执行相同或类似过程的人员。