09.结构体

 

 结构体变量的定义和初始化
定义结构体变量的方式:
    先声明结构体类型再定义变量名
    在声明类型的同时定义变量
    直接定义结构体类型变量(无类型名)

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>


//定义结构体格式
/*
struct 结构体名称
{
	结构体成员列表

};
//定义结构体变量
 struct 结构体名称 结构体变量名 
 结构体变量名.结构体成员列表 = 值
 如果是字符串类型  需要使用strcpy
*/

struct students
{
	//成员列表
	char name[21];
	unsigned int age;
	char tel[16];
	float scores[3];
	char sex;
}stu = { "尼古拉斯",500,"13888888888",100.0f,200,300,'M' };

int main02()
{
	//按照结构体顺序 赋值
	//struct  students   stu = { "尼古拉斯",500,"13888888888",100.0f,200,300,'M' };

	//struct  students   stu = { .sex = 'M',.name = "刘能",.tel = "13777777777",.scores[0] = 100,.scores[1] = 99,.scores[2] = 88,.age = 48 };

	//struct students stu;
	stu.name = "谢广坤";//字符串不能这样赋值,只能拷贝的方式,name是一个数组,name就是指针,这样是修改指针的地址了
	//strcpy(stu.name, "谢广坤");
	//stu.age = 50;
	//strcpy(stu.tel, "13777777778");
	//stu.scores[0] = 90;
	//stu.scores[1] = 80;
	//stu.scores[2] = 70;
	//stu.sex = 'F';

	//strcpy(stu.name, "谢广坤");
	//stu.age = 50;
	//strcpy(stu.tel, "13777777778");
	//stu.scores[0] = 90;
	//stu.scores[1] = 80;
	//stu.scores[2] = 70;
	//stu.sex = 'F';


	printf("姓名:%s\n", stu.name);
	printf("年龄:%d\n", stu.age);
	printf("电话: %s\n", stu.tel);
	printf("成绩: %.1f   %.1f   %.1f\n", stu.scores[0], stu.scores[1], stu.scores[2]);
	printf("性别: %s\n", stu.sex == 'M' ? "男" : "女");
	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

结构体数组

struct stu
{
	//成员列表
	char name[21];
	unsigned int age;
	char tel[16];
	float scores[3];//scores[0]
	char sex;
};
int main04()
{

	//结构体数组
	struct stu  s[2];
	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
	{
		printf("请您输入 姓名  年龄  电话  成绩  性别:\n");
		scanf("%s%d%s%f%f%f,%c", s[i].name, &s[i].age, s[i].tel, &s[i].scores[0], &s[i].scores[1], &s[i].scores[2], &s[i].sex);
	}


	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
	{
		printf("姓名:%s\n", s[i].name);
		printf("年龄:%d\n", s[i].age);
		printf("电话: %s\n", s[i].tel);
		printf("成绩: %.1f   %.1f   %.1f\n", s[i].scores[0], s[i].scores[1], s[i].scores[2]);
		printf("性别: %s\n", s[i].sex == 'M' ? "男" : "女");
	}


	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

结构体学生成绩排序

struct stu1
{
	//成员列表
	char name[21];
	float scores[3];
};
int main()
{
	struct stu1 s[3];
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{
		printf("请您输入学生 姓名   成绩 :\n");
		scanf("%s%f%f%f", s[i].name, &s[i].scores[0], &s[i].scores[1], &s[i].scores[2]);
	}
	//冒泡排序
	for (int i = 0; i < 3 - 1; i++)
	{
		for (int j = 0; j < 3 - i - 1; j++)
		{

			int sum1 = s[j].scores[0] + s[j].scores[1] + s[j].scores[2];
			int sum2 = s[j + 1].scores[0] + s[j + 1].scores[1] + s[j + 1].scores[2];
			if (sum1 > sum2)
			{
				//结构体交换   交换所有成员列表中的数据
				//交换姓名
				char temp[21] = { 0 };
				strcpy(temp, s[j].name);
				strcpy(s[j].name, s[j + 1].name);
				strcpy(s[j + 1].name, temp);

				//交换成绩

				for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
				{
					float temp=s[j].scores[k];
					s[j].scores[k] = s[j + 1].scores[k];
					s[j + 1].scores[k] = temp;
				}

			}
		}
	}




	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{
		printf("姓名:%s\n", s[i].name);
		printf("成绩: %.1f   %.1f   %.1f\n", s[i].scores[0], s[i].scores[1], s[i].scores[2]);
	}


	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

结构体成员为指针

#include "iostream"
#include "string.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
using namespace std;

struct stbInfo
{
	char *name;
	int age;
};

int main()
{
	struct stbInfo str;
	str.name = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)* 21);
	strcpy(str.name, "张三");
	str.age = 18;
	cout << "name====" << str.name << endl;
	cout << "age====" << str.age << endl;
	free(str.name);
	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
 

结构体指针

.

成员选择(对象)

对象.成员名

->

成员选择(指针)

对象指针->成员名

#include "iostream"
#include "string.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
using namespace std;

struct stbInfo
{
	char *name;
	int age;
}stut;

int main()
{
	struct stbInfo *s = & stut;
	s->name = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)* 21);
	strcpy(s->name, "李芮");
	s->age = 50;
	cout << "name====" << s->name << endl;
	cout << "age====" << s->age << endl;
	free(s->name);
	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

堆空间开辟结构体

#include "iostream"
#include "string.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
using namespace std;

struct stbInfo
{
	char *name;//4
	int age;//4
}t;

int main()
{
	struct stbInfo *p = (struct stbInfo *) malloc(sizeof(t));
	p->name = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)* 21);
	strcpy(p->name, "李芮");
	p->age = 50;
	cout << "name====" << p->name << endl;
	cout << "age====" << p->age << endl;
	if (p->name != NULL)
	{
		free(p->name);
		p->name = NULL;
	}

	if (p)
	{
		free(p);
		p = NULL;
	}
	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

学生成绩冒泡排序

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct stu2
{
	//成员列表
	//char name[21];
	char * name;
	float * scores;
};

int main()
{
	struct stu2 *p = (struct stu2 *)malloc(sizeof(struct stu2) * 3);
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{
		p[i].name = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * 21);
		p[i].scores = (float *)malloc(sizeof(float) * 3);

		printf("请您输入学生 姓名   成绩 :\n");
		scanf("%s%f%f%f", p[i].name, &p[i].scores[0], &p[i].scores[1], &p[i].scores[2]);

	}

	//冒泡排序
	for (int i = 0; i < 3 - 1; i++)
	{
		for (int j = 0; j < 3 - i - 1; j++)
		{
			float sum1 = p[j].scores[0] + p[j].scores[1] + p[j].scores[2];
			float sum2 = p[j + 1].scores[0] + p[j + 1].scores[1] + p[j + 1].scores[2];
			if (sum1 > sum2)
			{
				struct stu2 temp = p[j];
				p[j] = p[j + 1];
				p[j + 1] = temp;
			}
		}
	}


	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{

		printf("姓名:%s\n", p[i].name);
		printf("成绩: %.1f   %.1f   %.1f\n", p[i].scores[0], p[i].scores[1], p[i].scores[2]);
	}


	//释放
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
	{
		free(p[i].name);
		free(p[i].scores);
	}

	free(p);



	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

函数的参数是机构体

#include "iostream"
using namespace std;

struct info
{
	char name[21];
	int age;
};

//值传递不会修改
void fun01(struct info s)
{
	strcpy(s.name, "李四");
	s.age = 20;
	cout << "fun01==s.name====" << s.name << endl;
	cout << "fun01==s.age====" << s.age << endl;
	//fun01 == s.name == == 李四
	//fun01 == s.age == == 20

}
void fun02(struct info *s)
{
	strcpy(s->name, "李四");
	s->age = 20;

}



int main()
{
	struct info s = { "张三", 18 };

	//值传递不会修改实参的值
	//fun01(s);//main==s.name====张三    main == s.age == == 18
	//指针传递修改了实参的值
	fun02(&s);  //main==s.name====李四  main == s.age == == 20

	cout << "main==s.name====" << s.name << endl;
	cout << "main==s.age====" << s.age << endl;

	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

返回值是结构体

// 21结构体函数.cpp : 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
//
#include "iostream"
using namespace std;

struct info
{
	char name[21];
	int age;
};

//值传递不会修改
void fun01(struct info s)
{
	strcpy(s.name, "李四");
	s.age = 20;
	cout << "fun01==s.name====" << s.name << endl;
	cout << "fun01==s.age====" << s.age << endl;
	//fun01 == s.name == == 李四
	//fun01 == s.age == == 20

}
void fun02(struct info *s)
{
	strcpy(s->name, "李四");
	s->age = 20;

}



int main01()
{
	struct info s = { "张三", 18 };

	//值传递不会修改实参的值
	//fun01(s);//main==s.name====张三    main == s.age == == 18
	//指针传递修改了实参的值
	fun02(&s);  //main==s.name====李四  main == s.age == == 20

	cout << "main==s.name====" << s.name << endl;
	cout << "main==s.age====" << s.age << endl;

	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
struct info  fun03()
{
	struct info s;
	strcpy(s.name, "李四");
	s.age = 20;

	return s;

}
struct info * fun04()
{
	struct info s;
	strcpy(s.name, "李四");
	s.age = 20;

	return &s;
}

int main()
{
	/*返回值类型是结构体*/
	struct info s = fun03();//main==s.name====李四   main == s.age == == 20
	cout << "main==s.name====" << s.name << endl;
	cout << "main==s.age====" << s.age << endl;

	//值打印不出来,因为fun04中的结构体是在栈区创建s1对应的值已经被销毁
	struct info * s1 = fun04();//main==s1->name====烫烫沺c荀  main == s1->age == == 264749488
	cout << "main==s1->name====" << s1->name << endl;
	cout << "main==s1->age====" << s1->age << endl;

	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;

}

结构体填充结构体

#include "iostream"
using namespace std;

struct stra
{
	int a;  //4   4
	float b;//4   8
	char c;//1   12  9
	char arr[7];   //16
	double h;//24
}abc;

struct  strb
{
	struct stra abc;//12  16
	short f;  //2
	char * e;  //4
	short g;
	double d; //8
};

int main()
{
	struct strb  strbb;
	strbb.d = 10.0f;
	strbb.abc.a = 100;
	cout << "strbb.abc.a====" << strbb.abc.a << endl;
	cout << "sizeof(strbb)====" << sizeof(strbb) << endl;
	//strbb.abc.a====100
    //sizeof(strbb)====48

	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

 

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