今日导读
你能看出一个人是不是“渣男/女”吗？在日常生活中，无论是把这个问题作为聊天的谈资，还是真的考虑它的“实用性”，这都是一个不管是谁都难免有些好奇的问题。知乎上就有这样一个提问：如何鉴别渣男？它的最佳回答获得了 15000 个赞和 2300 条评论。这就反映出了人们是多么希望拥有一眼识破渣男的能力。现在就有一项研究针对这种“超能力”展开了调查，结果出乎意料，或许我们还真或多或少跟“算命师傅”一样能一眼看出谁是花心大萝卜，这究竟是怎么一回事呢？让我们跟着宇轩老师一起来看今天的新闻。
新闻原文
Cheating men can be spotted by their face type, study suggests
The Guardian
Philandering men have unfaithfulness written all over their faces, according to research that suggests men and women are able to spot cheating chaps just by looking at them.
Experts found men with more “masculine” faces were more likely to be thought to be unfaithful, and such men also self-reported more cheating or “poaching” of other men’s partners.
The team said being suspicious of men with masculine features — such as a strong browridge, strong jaw and thinner lips — might have offered an evolutionary advantage, allowing heterosexual women to spot a flaky partner and men to recognise a potential rival who might seduce their partner or leave them raising someone else’s child.
Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers described how they asked heterosexual white participants to judge the facial features of 189 white adults who had been photographed and taken part in previous research.
The results showed men and women as a whole gave higher scores of unfaithfulness to the images of men who had self-reported more cheating or poaching.
When the team examined what about the men’s faces might have offered clues to their unfaithfulness, they found the standout feature was how masculine the face appeared.
Dr Kristen Knowles, an evolutionary psychologist from Queen Margaret University in Edinburgh, who was not involved in the study, said it was interesting the research made a clear connection between perceptions of infidelity and actual infidelity.
But Knowles stressed it should not be assumed that men with masculine faces were likely to be unfaithful. “We should be aware that these behaviours are incredibly complex, and are likely to be influenced by many factors, including social and cultural effects, personality, genetics and life experiences, ” she said.
带着问题听讲解
有哪些词汇可以表达“出轨“？
研究总结出，比较有可能出轨的男性的面部特征有哪些？
看脸来判断一个人会不会出轨到底有多可靠？
新闻正文
Cheating men can be spotted by their face type, study suggests
研究表明：人们能够从面相识别出不忠的男性
Philandering men have unfaithfulness written all over their faces, according to research that suggests men and women are able to spot cheating chaps just by looking at them.
根据一项研究，爱拈花惹草的男性，他们的花心全在脸上暴露出来了。这项研究显示，男性和女性都能够仅凭观察外表就找出不忠的男人。
Experts found men with more “masculine” faces were more likely to be thought to be unfaithful, and such men also self-reported more cheating or “poaching” of other men’s partners.
专家发现，长相越“阳刚”的男性，越容易被人认为是会出轨的。而且这类男性也自述称，他们出轨或“插足”别人感情的次数是更多的。
The team said being suspicious of men with masculine features — such as a strong browridge, strong jaw and thinner lips — might have offered an evolutionary advantage, allowing heterosexual women to spot a flaky partner and men to recognise a potential rival who might seduce their partner or leave them raising someone else’s child.
研究团队指出，人们对长相阳刚的男性怀有警惕心，或许算得上是一种进化优势。这类面部特征包括立体的眉骨、棱角分明的下颌和略薄的嘴唇等。这种警惕心使得异性恋的女性能够揪出花心的另一半，也使得男性能够发现潜在的对手——这些对手可能会勾引其伴侣，甚至让他们抚养别人的骨肉而不自知。
Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers described how they asked heterosexual white participants to judge the facial features of 189 white adults who had been photographed and taken part in previous research.
这项研究发表于英国《皇家学会开放科学》期刊，研究者在文中详细描述了实验的具体过程：他们邀请异性恋的白人参与实验，并要求他们根据照片对 189 位成年白人的面部特征进行判断。这 189 位被拍摄的实验对象曾经是先前实验的参与者。
The results showed men and women as a whole gave higher scores of unfaithfulness to the images of men who had self-reported more cheating or poaching.
研究结果显示，对于那些自曝在感情中劈腿和当“第三者”经历更多的男士，男性和女性实验参与者整体给他们的照片评出的“花心指数”也是更高的。
When the team examined what about the men’s faces might have offered clues to their unfaithfulness, they found the standout feature was how masculine the face appeared.
当研究人员调查，男性的外表中哪些线索指向了他们的花心程度时，他们发现，最突出的特征就在于男性长相的阳刚程度。
Dr Kristen Knowles, an evolutionary psychologist from Queen Margaret University in Edinburgh, who was not involved in the study, said it was interesting the research made a clear connection between perceptions of infidelity and actual infidelity.
非研究参与人员克里斯汀·诺尔斯博士是爱丁堡玛格丽特皇后大学的进化心理学家，她指出，这项研究有趣的地方就在于，它明确指出了人们对不忠的感知与实际的不忠行为之间的联系。
But Knowles stressed it should not be assumed that men with masculine faces were likely to be unfaithful. “We should be aware that these behaviours are incredibly complex, and are likely to be influenced by many factors, including social and cultural effects, personality, genetics and life experiences,” she said.
但诺尔斯也强调说，这不代表我们可以假设所有长相阳刚的男性都是不忠的。她表示：“我们要了解，（出轨）这种行为是极其复杂的，并且可能受多种因素影响，包括社会和文化效应、性格、基因、生活经历等等。”
重点词汇
philandering
/fɪˈlændərɪŋ/
adj. 花心的，轻薄的
词性拓展：philander（v. 男性沾花惹草，玩弄女性）
词根词缀：phil-（爱）
派生词：philosophy（n. 哲学）
词根词缀：ander（男人）
相关词汇：philanderer（n. 花心的男人）
unfaithfulness
/ʌnˈfeɪθflnəs/
n. 不忠；通奸
相关词汇：faithful（adj. 忠诚的，忠实的）
词根词缀：un-（否定）
相关词汇：unfaithful（adj. 不忠的）
written all over (one’s) face
全表现在脸上
例句：He had guilt written all over his face.
chap
/tʃæp/
n.（尤指你认识和喜欢的）小伙子
同义词：man
近义词：guy（n. 家伙、伙计）
masculine
/ˈmæskjəlɪn/
adj. 男子气概的；雄性的
反义词：feminine（adj. 充满女人味的）
self-report
/ˌself rɪˈpɔːrt/
v. 自述；自我感觉
相关词汇：self（自我）；report（报告）
poach
/poʊtʃ/
v. 偷猎，偷捕；挖走
例句：The characters were poached from Shakespeare.
例句：Several employees have been poached by a rival firm.
heterosexual
/ˌhetərəˈsekʃuəl/
adj. 异性恋的
词根词缀：hetero-（不同的，相反的）
词根词缀：sexual（性相关的）
相关词汇：homosexual（adj. 同性恋的）
flaky
/ˈfleɪki/
adj. 可疑的；不靠谱的
搭配短语：flaky egg rolls（酥脆的蛋卷）
standout
/ˈstændaʊt/
adj. 突出的，引起注意的
infidelity
/ˌɪnfɪˈdeləti/
n.（夫妻或伴侣间的）不忠行为；通奸
近义词：unfaithfulness（不忠；通奸）
genetics
/dʒəˈnetɪks/
n. 基因特征；遗传学
补充词汇知识
cheat
v. 作弊；出轨，偷情
spot
v. 发现，认出来
by sth.
根据…
例句：I know her by her laugh.
be suspicious of sb.
怀疑某人
brow
n. 眉毛；眉头
browridge
n. 眉骨
jaw
n. 下巴，下颌，下颚
lip
n. 嘴唇
seduce
v. 诱奸；勾引
leave sb. doing sth.
导致某人需要面对某事
photograph
v. 拍照，照相
as a whole
作为一个整体，总体来看
perception
n. 感知
incredibly
adv.（强调某事的程度）很高，非常
近义词：extremely（adv. 极其，非常）
长难句解析
The team said being suspicious of men with masculine features — such as a strong browridge, strong jaw and thinner lips — might have offered an evolutionary advantage, allowing heterosexual women to spot a flaky partner and men to recognise a potential rival who might seduce their partner or leave them raising someone else’s child.
研究团队指出，人们对长相阳刚的男性怀有警惕心，或许算得上是一种进化优势。这类面部特征包括立体的眉骨、棱角分明的下颌和略薄的嘴唇等。这种警惕心使得异性恋的女性能够揪出花心的另一半，也使得男性能够发现潜在的对手——这些对手可能会勾引其伴侣，甚至让他们抚养别人的骨肉而不自知。
主句为 The team said sth.，下划线的部分为宾语从句，在该从句中，动名词 being suspicious of sth 作主语，情态动词 might 和行为动词 offer 一起构成从句中的谓语。中间破折号部分 such as a strong browridge, strong jaw and thinner lips 为插入语，补充说明前面的 masculine features。其后，现在分词 allowing 作伴随状语，引导伴随状语从句，这里的核心结构是两个并列的 allow sb. to do sth.，一个是 allow women to spot a flaky partner，另一个是 allow men to recognize a potential rival。值得注意的是，此处的伴随状语从句的结尾又嵌套了一个 who 引导的定语从句，用于修饰 a potential rival。
The results showed men and women as a whole gave higher scores of unfaithfulness to the images of men who had self-reported more cheating or poaching.
研究结果显示，对于那些自曝在感情中劈腿和当“第三者”经历更多的男士，男性和女性实验参与者整体给他们的照片评出的“花心指数”也是更高的。
句子的主干部分为 The results showed sth.，动词 show 的后面接宾语从句。这个从句的主干是画下划线的部分，men and women 为主语，gave scores to sth. 是从句的谓语和宾语。此外，该宾语从句中还嵌套了一个由 who 引导的定语从句 who had self-reported more cheating or poaching，修饰 men。
拓展阅读
女性对情绪的掌控能力优于男性
- 女性更擅长于情绪管理
Farrelly 与 Austin 在 2007 年邀请了 199 名大学生（137 名女性，62 名男性）参与研究，并使用了情绪智力测验，其中包括了看图识别情绪、根据颜色或味道回忆相关的情绪、识别一种包含不同情绪的复杂情绪等任务，以此测量男性与女性在这四个方面的表现。
结果发现，女性在“管理情绪”这一维度上的得分显著高于男性。也就是说，在有需要的时候，女性更能够克制第一反应，让自己不被情绪“牵着鼻子走”，有选择地做出对目标或结果更有利的反应。
- 女性比男性有更强的情绪觉察能力
Barrett，Lane 和 Schwartz 在 2000 年的一项研究发现，男女在对自己情绪体验的分辨和表述能力上也有着显著差异。为了提高结果的普适性，该研究的上千个志愿者来自于 7 个样本人群，他们在年龄、教育背景、社会经济地位这几个方面有很大的差异。
在研究中，志愿者们需要完成一个情绪觉察力水平量表，这个量表包含了 20 个情景题，他们需要根据情景去揣摩和分辨当事人此刻的情绪。而测试得分则是基于人们能够在多大程度上用更加细致和精确的词，去描述自己处于某个特定情景中的情绪。
结果显示，在所有样本中，女性志愿者都取得了更高的分数，体现了更强的情绪觉察能力——比起男性，她们更擅长于辨识不同的情绪，并将它们以更加复杂和有层次的方式描绘出来。
并且，在研究者控制了男女志愿者在语言能力上的差异后，结果依旧没有发生变化。也就是说，这种情绪觉察能力的差异并非是由于女性更擅长运用文字，或是知道更多表达情绪的词语，而是的确对复杂情绪的感知和表达能力更胜一筹。
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