二项展开式:
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(x+y)^{n}=\left(\begin{array}{c} {n} \\ {0} \end{array}\right) x^{n} y^{0}+\left(\begin{array}{c} {n} \\ {1} \end{array}\right) x^{n-1} y^{1}+\left(\begin{array}{c} {n} \\ {2} \end{array}\right) x^{n-2} y^{2}+\cdots+\left(\begin{array}{c} {n} \\ {n-1} \end{array}\right) x^{1} y^{n-1}+\left(\begin{array}{c} {n} \\ {n} \end{array}\right) x^{0} y^{n}
(x+y)n=(n0)xny0+(n1)xn−1y1+(n2)xn−2y2+⋯+(nn−1)x1yn−1+(nn)x0yn
- 证明数列 { n 5 2 n } \left\{\frac{n^{5}}{2^{n}}\right\} {2nn5}收敛于0.
证明:利用
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2^{n}=(1+1)^{n}=1+\left(\begin{array}{l}{n} \\ {1}\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{l}{n} \\ {2}\end{array}\right)+\cdots+\left(\begin{array}{l}{n} \\ {n}\end{array}\right)
2n=(1+1)n=1+(n1)+(n2)+⋯+(nn),在
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>
6
n>6
n>6时有
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>
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6
)
2^{n}>\left(\begin{array}{l}{n} \\ {6}\end{array}\right)
2n>(n6),因此可以放大如下:
n
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<
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5
6
!
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<
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!
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5
\frac{n^{5}}{2^{n}}<\frac{n^{5} 6 !}{n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)(n-5)}<\frac{n^{4} 6 !}{(n-5)^{5}}
2nn5<n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)(n−4)(n−5)n56!<(n−5)5n46!
得证。
- 证明数列 { n n } \{\sqrt[n]{n}\} {nn}的极限是1。
证明:在
n
⩾
2
n \geqslant 2
n⩾2时,我们有
1
⩽
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=
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n
⋅
n
⋅
1
⋅
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⋯
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1 \leqslant \sqrt[n]{n}=(\sqrt{n} \cdot \sqrt{n} \cdot \underbrace{1 \cdot 1 \cdots 1}_{n-2个1})^{\frac{1}{n}}<\frac{2 \sqrt{n}+n-2}{n}<1+\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}}
1⩽nn=(n⋅n⋅n−2个1
1⋅1⋯1)n1<n2n+n−2<1+n2
因此得到估计
0
⩽
n
n
−
1
<
2
n
0 \leqslant \sqrt[n]{n}-1<\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}}
0⩽nn−1<n2
对于给定的
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>
0
\varepsilon>0
ε>0,取
N
=
[
4
/
ε
2
]
N=\left[4 / \varepsilon^{2}\right]
N=[4/ε2]即可。
- 设 ∣ q ∣ < 1 |q|<1 ∣q∣<1,则 lim n → ∞ q n = 0 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} q^{n}=0 n→∞limqn=0
证明:当
0
<
∣
q
∣
<
1
0<|q|<1
0<∣q∣<1时,
1
∣
q
∣
>
1
\frac{1}{|q|}>1
∣q∣1>1。记
α
=
1
∣
q
∣
−
1
>
0
\alpha=\frac{1}{|q|}-1>0
α=∣q∣1−1>0,任取
ε
>
0
\varepsilon>0
ε>0,取正整数
N
>
1
α
ε
N>\frac{1}{\alpha \varepsilon}
N>αε1,当
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>
N
n>N
n>N时
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\left|q^{n}-0\right|=|q|^{n}=\frac{1}{(1+\alpha)^{n}}<\frac{1}{n \alpha}<\varepsilon
∣qn−0∣=∣q∣n=(1+α)n1<nα1<ε
其中,我们用到不等式:
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(1+\alpha)^{n}=1+n \alpha+\frac{1}{2} n(n-1) \alpha^{2}+\cdots+\alpha^{n}>n \alpha
(1+α)n=1+nα+21n(n−1)α2+⋯+αn>nα
- 设 a > 0 a>0 a>0,证明 lim n → ∞ a n = 1 \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{a}=1 n→∞limna=1
证明:当
a
⩾
1
a \geqslant 1
a⩾1,记
a
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=
1
+
α
n
,
α
n
⩾
0
\sqrt[n]{a}=1+\alpha_{n}, \alpha_{n} \geqslant 0
na=1+αn,αn⩾0,则有
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n
α
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>
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α
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a=\left(1+\alpha_{n}\right)^{n}=1+n \alpha_{n}+\cdots+\alpha_{n}^{n}>n \alpha_{n}
a=(1+αn)n=1+nαn+⋯+αnn>nαn
因此
1
⩽
a
n
=
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+
α
n
<
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+
a
n
1 \leqslant \sqrt[n]{a}=1+\alpha_{n}<1+\frac{a}{n}
1⩽na=1+αn<1+na
当
0
<
a
<
1
0<a<1
0<a<1时,根据上面的估计,有
1
<
1
a
n
<
1
+
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n
a
1<\sqrt[n]{\frac{1}{a}}<1+\frac{1}{n a}
1<na1<1+na1
即
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n
a
<
a
n
<
1
1-\frac{1}{1+n a}<\sqrt[n]{a}<1
1−1+na1<na<1