空指针异常是导致Java应用程序失败的最常见原因。以前,为了解决空指针异常,Google公司著名的Guava项目引入了Optional类,Guava通过使用检查空值的方式来防止代码污染,它鼓励程序员写更干净的代码。受到Google Guava的启发,Optional类已经成为Java 8类库的一部分。Optional实际上是个容器:它可以保存类型T的值,或者仅仅保存null。Optional提供很多有用的方法,这样我们就不用显式进行空值检测。
Optional.of()或者Optional.ofNullable():创建Optional对象,差别在于of不允许参数是null,而ofNullable则无限制。
-
// 参数不能是null
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.of( 1);
-
-
// 参数可以是null
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
// 参数可以是非null
-
Optional<Integer> optional3 = Optional.ofNullable( 2);
Optional.empty():所有null包装成的Optional对象:
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
System.out.println(optional1 == optional2); // true
-
System.out.println(optional1 == Optional.<Integer>empty()); // true
-
-
Object o1 = Optional.<Integer>empty();
-
Object o2 = Optional.<String>empty();
-
System.out.println(o1 == o2); // true
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
// isPresent判断值是否存在
-
System.out.println(optional1.isPresent() == true);
-
System.out.println(optional2.isPresent() == false);
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
// 如果不是null,调用Consumer
-
optional1.ifPresent( new Consumer<Integer>() {
-
-
public void accept(Integer t) {
-
System.out.println( "value is " + t);
-
}
-
});
-
-
// null,不调用Consumer
-
optional2.ifPresent( new Consumer<Integer>() {
-
-
public void accept(Integer t) {
-
System.out.println( "value is " + t);
-
}
-
});
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
// orElse
-
System.out.println(optional1.orElse( 1000) == 1); // true
-
System.out.println(optional2.orElse( 1000) == 1000); // true
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
System.out.println(optional1.orElseGet(() -> {
-
return 1000;
-
}) == 1); //true
-
-
System.out.println(optional2.orElseGet(() -> {
-
return 1000;
-
}) == 1000); //true
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
optional1.orElseThrow(()->{ throw new IllegalStateException();});
-
-
try
-
{
-
// 抛出异常
-
optional2.orElseThrow(()->{ throw new IllegalStateException();});
-
}
-
catch(IllegalStateException e )
-
{
-
e.printStackTrace();
-
}
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
Optional<Integer> filter1 = optional1.filter((a) -> a == null);
-
Optional<Integer> filter2 = optional1.filter((a) -> a == 1);
-
Optional<Integer> filter3 = optional2.filter((a) -> a == null);
-
System.out.println(filter1.isPresent()); // false
-
System.out.println(filter2.isPresent()); // true
-
System.out.println(filter2.get().intValue() == 1); // true
-
System.out.println(filter3.isPresent()); // false
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
Optional<Integer> optional2 = Optional.ofNullable( null);
-
-
Optional<String> str1Optional = optional1.map((a) -> "key" + a);
-
Optional<String> str2Optional = optional2.map((a) -> "key" + a);
-
-
System.out.println(str1Optional.get()); // key1
-
System.out.println(str2Optional.isPresent()); // false
-
Optional<Integer> optional1 = Optional.ofNullable( 1);
-
-
Optional<Optional<String>> str1Optional = optional1.map((a) -> {
-
return Optional.<String>of( "key" + a);
-
});
-
-
Optional<String> str2Optional = optional1.flatMap((a) -> {
-
return Optional.<String>of( "key" + a);
-
});
-
-
System.out.println(str1Optional.get().get()); // key1
-
System.out.println(str2Optional.get()); // key1
-