自旋流在器件中的优缺点

自旋流是一种扩散流，并不能在回路中直接检测到，需要通过一个电荷积累的电压才能在开路中检测到，自旋流是空间上电荷积累的检测结果。自旋流不随着电荷的流动而产生能量耗散，其应用很广。

以上就提出了两个问题，1. 自旋是如何被调控的呢？怎样才能使得自旋流转换成电荷流呢？

How spin be modulated?

第一种方法， It has been shown that SOC can be used to modulate spin polarized currents by
taking advantage of symmetry-breaking factors such as interfaces, electric fields, strain, and crystalline directions.
第二种方法，用自旋霍尔效应。

自旋流怎么向电荷流转换？

自旋流向电荷流转换，可以通过SOC, such as the interface Rashba-Edelstein effect (IREE) 和拓扑材料的spin-momentum locking.
第一种，For example the resonant spin pumping in the quasi-static non-local spin-value configuration.

第二种，拓扑材料的例子可以用ISHE测量到，参考文献：Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 242415 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4884520

以上，就可以设计器件，譬如自旋场效应晶体管，MESO，SOT-MRAM，量子计算机等等。下面就器件方面，简单提几个问题。

Shortcoming of Spin field effect.

Spin field effect transistor also has the dissipation due to the two states of the switch are still demarcated by different amounts of current flowing through the channel, that is the electrons also need to move in space to switch. 当然了，单一自旋方向的自旋流也很难得到，这是缺点之二。

What is the Single Spin Logic (SSL)?

SSL 没有电荷流动，运用自旋的翻转，但是缺点是spin不稳定。 (Nanotechnology, Vol. 5, 113 (1994) Supercomputing with spin-polarized single electrons in a quantum coupled architecture). 另一方面, a collection of spins (collective state switching devices), such as a single domain nonoscale ferromagnet, has a stable magnetization at room temperature. Even the energy dissipated in switching a magnet containing 104 spins is not 104 times more than that dissipated in flipping a single spin, but instead it is only a few times more. (from book – Guide to State-of-the-Art Electron Devices, Chapter 5). Examples (MESO from Nature, Vol. 565, 35 (2019) Scalable energy-efficient magnetoelectric spin-orbit logic)
Nanomagnetic Logic (NML) / Boolean logic gates work in essentially the same way as spin logic, with dipole interactions between magnets replacing exchange interactions between spins. This architectures have been termed Magnetic Quantum Cellular Automata (Science, Vol. 287, 1466 (2000) Room temperature magnetic quantum cellular automata). SSL和NML的缺点是双向的，信息不能从输入单一的流向输出，需要用到Bennett clocking (Int. J. Theor. Phys., Vol. 21, 905 (1982))。

Hybrid spintronics/Straintronics

Magnatostrictive layer + piezoeletric layer. (Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 99, 063108 (2011).)