Reading22. Understanding Balance Sheets

22.1 资产负债表的构成和格式

22.1.1 资产负债表的要素(Element)

一、资产(Assets)

资产是指由企业拥有或控制的、预期会给企业带来经济利益流入的资源。

  1. Current Assets(within one year or operating cycle.whichever is greater)

    • cash and cash equivalent(Liquid securities with 90 days or cash)

      • T-Bills, commercial paper and money market funds
    • Marketable Securities

      • T-Bills, T-Notes, Bonds, and equity securities
    • Account receivable(Allowance for bad debt expense as a contra account)

    • Inventories

      • cost measure method(LIFO,FIFO,specific identification)
    • Prepaid expense

    • Financial assets(Such as marketable securities)

  2. Non current asset

    • Intangible asset

      • Patents, trademarks, licenses(Identifiable intangible asset) and goodwill(Unidentifiable intangible asset).

      • Reduced by “accumulative amortization” except goodwill.

    • Property, Plant, and equipment. (PP&E)

      • Includes a contra account for accumulated depreciation
    • Investment Property

      • property is not used in the production of goods or services or for administrative purposes. Instead, it is used to earn rental income or capital appreciation in IFRS
    • Deferred tax assets

      • Deferred tax assets may result when the actual income tax payable based on income for tax purposes in a period exceeds the amount of income tax expense based on the reported financial statement income due to temporary timing differences.
    • Investment in affiliate

二、负债(Liabilities)

负债是指预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。

  1. Current Liabilities(within one year or operating cycle.whichever is greater)

    • Account payable

    • Accrued expenses (accrued liabilities)

      Expenses that have been reported on a company’s income statement but have not yet been paid.

    • Financial liabilities

      • short-term bonds payable.

      • Notes payable

    • Unearned revenue/Deferred revenue

      • Items that will show up on future income statement as revenues.
    • tax payable

      • Taxes accrued during the past year but not yet paid.
  2. Non-current liabilities

    • Long-term debt

      • Such as bonds payable.
    • Deferred tax liabilities

三、所有者权益(Equity)

所有者权益是指企业资产扣除负债后,由所有者享有的剩余权益。

  • Capital(Owners contribution)

    • Par value of common stock.
  • Additional paid-in capital(Owners contribution)

    • Proceeds from common stock sales in excess of par value.
  • Retained earnings

    • Cumulative net income that has not been distributed as dividends
  • Preferred stock

  • Accumulated other comprehensive income

  • Noncontrolling interest (or minority interest)

  • Treasury shares

22.1.2 资产负债表的格式(Format)

一、分层的资产负债表(Classified Balance Sheet)(materiality)

将资产科目分类为流动资产和非流动资产,将负债科目分类为流动负债和非流动负债的列示方式称为classified balance sheet。

流动资产,是指那些预期在1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间内出售、使用,或转换成现金的资产。

非流动资产,是指要在超过1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间才会被出售、使用的资产。

流动负债,是指预期要在1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间内偿还的负债。

非流动负债,是指预期要在超过1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间偿还的负债。

The excess of current assets over current liabilities is called working capital.

二、基于流动性的资产负债表(Liquidity-Based Balance Sheet)

将资产和负债按流动性大小排序,在资产负债表上列示的方式称为liquidity-based balance sheet。

采用这种列示方式的企业主要是银行。

三、Contra account

  • A contra asset account is netted against the balance of an asset account.
    • The allowance for doubtful accounts(accounts receivable.)
    • Accumulated depreciation(PPE)
    • Sales returns and allowances (sales)

22.1.3 Uses of the balance sheet

  • Liquidity
    • The ability to meet short-term obligations
  • Solvency
    • The ability to meet long-term obligations

22.1.4 Goodwill

商誉是在企业并购中确认的一项不可辨认(unidentifiable)的无形资产。就是并购方支付的对价(consideration)中超出被并购企业可辨认净资产公允价值(fair value of identifiable net assets)的那部分溢价。

  • Unidentifiable intangible asset

  • can not be amortised

  • Test for impairment at least annually

22.1.5 少数股东权益(Non-Controlling Interest,Minority Interest)

少数股东权益是一个权益类科目。

22.2 资产的计量属性

一、历史成本(Historical Cost)

历史成本也叫历史取得成本,等于取得该项资产所付出的对价。大多数资产的初始入账金额都使用历史成本。

二、摊余成本(Amortized Cost)

摊余成本是指历史成本减去累计折旧、摊销以及减值准备后的金额。可以看出,摊余成本是以历史成本入账后,对资产价值进行后续计量的方式。

三、当前成本(Current Cost)

当前成本是重新取得一项资产所需付出的成本,也叫重置成本(replacement cost)。当前成本使用的场景不多,在CFA课程中只在美国准则下确定存货的减值金额时会用到。

四、公允价值(Fair Value)

公允价值是指资产在公允交易中的交易价格。所谓公允交易,是指交易双方自愿参与、对交易标的掌握充分的信息,且没有关联关系的交易。使用公允价值计算的资产主要是金融资产。

五、可实现价值(Realizable Value)

可实现价值是指在有序的情况下(即不是在急迫或受其他压力下)出售(orderly disposal)资产的价格。可实现价值主要在测试资产减值及确定减值金额时使用。

六、现值(Present Value)

现值是指资产预期产生的未来现金流的折现值。资产的现值有时也被用来作为资产的公允价值。资产现值使用的场景仅限于测试资产减值及确定减值金额。

22.3 资产负债表科目

22.3.1 金融资产

一、持有至到期投资(Held-to-Maturity Security,HTM) - 不考虑公允价值变动

持有至到期投资以购买价格作为初始入账价值,使用摊余成本进行后续计算,持有期间产生的利息收入计入利润表。

在持有期间债券市场价格变动带来的浮盈浮亏(unrealized gain or loss)不做账务处理。

如果企业在到期日前将持有至到期投资出售,出售所得价款与账面价值之间的差额要确认为当期的损益,计入利润表。

二、交易性金融资产(Held-for-Trading Security,TS)

交易性金融资产以购买价格作为初始入账成本,后续以公允价值计量,持有期间产生的公允价值变动损益计入利润表。

若持有期间收到股利或利息,作为股利收入或利息收入,也计入利润表。

当企业出售该项资产时,售价与当前账面价值之间的差额确认为一项实盈实亏(realized gain or loss),计入利润表。

三、持有待售金融资产(Available-for-Sale Security,AFS)

持有待售金融资产以购买价格为初始入账成本,后续以公允价值计量,持有期间产生的公允价值变动损益计入其他综合收益(OCI)。

若持有期间收到股利或利息。同样作为股利收入或利息收入,计入利润表。

当企业出售该项资产时,售价与当前账面价值之间的差额确认为实盈实亏,计入利润表。

22.4 同比资产负债表(Common-Size Balance Sheet)

同比资产负债表是把每一项资产、负债和所有者权益表示为资产总额(total assets)的百分比。

22.4.1 Common-size analysis of balance sheet

A CompanyIndustry average
Total asset100%100%
Current asset30%24%
non current asset70%76%
liability50%35%
Current liability10%10%
non current liability40%25%
Equity50%65%
Total100%100%

22.4.2 Ratios

一、Liquidity

  • current ratio =current asset/current liabilities
  • quick ratio=(Cash + Short-term marketable security + Receivable)/current liabilities
  • cash ratio=(Cash + Short-term marketable security)/current liabilities

二、Solvency

  • Long term debt to equity=long term debt/equity
  • Debt to equity ratio=total debt/equity
  • Debt to asset ratio=total debt/total asset
  • Debt to capital ratio=debt/capital=debt/debt+equity
  • Financial leverage ratio=total asset/equity
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值