Understanding Balance Sheets
22.1 资产负债表的构成和格式
22.1.1 资产负债表的要素(Element)
一、资产(Assets)
资产是指由企业拥有或控制的、预期会给企业带来经济利益流入的资源。
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Current Assets(within one year or operating cycle.whichever is greater)
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cash and cash equivalent(Liquid securities with 90 days or cash)
- T-Bills, commercial paper and money market funds
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Marketable Securities
- T-Bills, T-Notes, Bonds, and equity securities
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Account receivable(Allowance for bad debt expense as a contra account)
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Inventories
- cost measure method(LIFO,FIFO,specific identification)
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Prepaid expense
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Financial assets(Such as marketable securities)
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Non current asset
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Intangible asset
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Patents, trademarks, licenses(Identifiable intangible asset) and goodwill(Unidentifiable intangible asset).
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Reduced by “accumulative amortization” except goodwill.
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Property, Plant, and equipment. (PP&E)
- Includes a contra account for accumulated depreciation
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Investment Property
- property is not used in the production of goods or services or for administrative purposes. Instead, it is used to earn rental income or capital appreciation in IFRS
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Deferred tax assets
- Deferred tax assets may result when the actual income tax payable based on income for tax purposes in a period exceeds the amount of income tax expense based on the reported financial statement income due to temporary timing differences.
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Investment in affiliate
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二、负债(Liabilities)
负债是指预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。
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Current Liabilities(within one year or operating cycle.whichever is greater)
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Account payable
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Accrued expenses (accrued liabilities)
Expenses that have been reported on a company’s income statement but have not yet been paid.
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Financial liabilities
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short-term bonds payable.
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Notes payable
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Unearned revenue/Deferred revenue
- Items that will show up on future income statement as revenues.
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tax payable
- Taxes accrued during the past year but not yet paid.
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Non-current liabilities
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Long-term debt
- Such as bonds payable.
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Deferred tax liabilities
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三、所有者权益(Equity)
所有者权益是指企业资产扣除负债后,由所有者享有的剩余权益。
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Capital(Owners contribution)
- Par value of common stock.
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Additional paid-in capital(Owners contribution)
- Proceeds from common stock sales in excess of par value.
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Retained earnings
- Cumulative net income that has not been distributed as dividends
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Preferred stock
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Accumulated other comprehensive income
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Noncontrolling interest (or minority interest)
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Treasury shares
22.1.2 资产负债表的格式(Format)
一、分层的资产负债表(Classified Balance Sheet)(materiality)
将资产科目分类为流动资产和非流动资产,将负债科目分类为流动负债和非流动负债的列示方式称为classified balance sheet。
流动资产,是指那些预期在1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间内出售、使用,或转换成现金的资产。
非流动资产,是指要在超过1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间才会被出售、使用的资产。
流动负债,是指预期要在1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间内偿还的负债。
非流动负债,是指预期要在超过1年或者一个经营周期两者中较长的时间偿还的负债。
The excess of current assets over current liabilities is called working capital.
二、基于流动性的资产负债表(Liquidity-Based Balance Sheet)
将资产和负债按流动性大小排序,在资产负债表上列示的方式称为liquidity-based balance sheet。
采用这种列示方式的企业主要是银行。
三、Contra account
- A contra asset account is netted against the balance of an asset account.
- The allowance for doubtful accounts(accounts receivable.)
- Accumulated depreciation(PPE)
- Sales returns and allowances (sales)
22.1.3 Uses of the balance sheet
- Liquidity
- The ability to meet short-term obligations
- Solvency
- The ability to meet long-term obligations
22.1.4 Goodwill
商誉是在企业并购中确认的一项不可辨认(unidentifiable)的无形资产。就是并购方支付的对价(consideration)中超出被并购企业可辨认净资产公允价值(fair value of identifiable net assets)的那部分溢价。
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Unidentifiable intangible asset
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can not be amortised
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Test for impairment at least annually
22.1.5 少数股东权益(Non-Controlling Interest,Minority Interest)
少数股东权益是一个权益类科目。
22.2 资产的计量属性
一、历史成本(Historical Cost)
历史成本也叫历史取得成本,等于取得该项资产所付出的对价。大多数资产的初始入账金额都使用历史成本。
二、摊余成本(Amortized Cost)
摊余成本是指历史成本减去累计折旧、摊销以及减值准备后的金额。可以看出,摊余成本是以历史成本入账后,对资产价值进行后续计量的方式。
三、当前成本(Current Cost)
当前成本是重新取得一项资产所需付出的成本,也叫重置成本(replacement cost)。当前成本使用的场景不多,在CFA课程中只在美国准则下确定存货的减值金额时会用到。
四、公允价值(Fair Value)
公允价值是指资产在公允交易中的交易价格。所谓公允交易,是指交易双方自愿参与、对交易标的掌握充分的信息,且没有关联关系的交易。使用公允价值计算的资产主要是金融资产。
五、可实现价值(Realizable Value)
可实现价值是指在有序的情况下(即不是在急迫或受其他压力下)出售(orderly disposal)资产的价格。可实现价值主要在测试资产减值及确定减值金额时使用。
六、现值(Present Value)
现值是指资产预期产生的未来现金流的折现值。资产的现值有时也被用来作为资产的公允价值。资产现值使用的场景仅限于测试资产减值及确定减值金额。
22.3 资产负债表科目
22.3.1 金融资产
一、持有至到期投资(Held-to-Maturity Security,HTM) - 不考虑公允价值变动
持有至到期投资以购买价格作为初始入账价值,使用摊余成本进行后续计算,持有期间产生的利息收入计入利润表。
在持有期间债券市场价格变动带来的浮盈浮亏(unrealized gain or loss)不做账务处理。
如果企业在到期日前将持有至到期投资出售,出售所得价款与账面价值之间的差额要确认为当期的损益,计入利润表。
二、交易性金融资产(Held-for-Trading Security,TS)
交易性金融资产以购买价格作为初始入账成本,后续以公允价值计量,持有期间产生的公允价值变动损益计入利润表。
若持有期间收到股利或利息,作为股利收入或利息收入,也计入利润表。
当企业出售该项资产时,售价与当前账面价值之间的差额确认为一项实盈实亏(realized gain or loss),计入利润表。
三、持有待售金融资产(Available-for-Sale Security,AFS)
持有待售金融资产以购买价格为初始入账成本,后续以公允价值计量,持有期间产生的公允价值变动损益计入其他综合收益(OCI)。
若持有期间收到股利或利息。同样作为股利收入或利息收入,计入利润表。
当企业出售该项资产时,售价与当前账面价值之间的差额确认为实盈实亏,计入利润表。
22.4 同比资产负债表(Common-Size Balance Sheet)
同比资产负债表是把每一项资产、负债和所有者权益表示为资产总额(total assets)的百分比。
22.4.1 Common-size analysis of balance sheet
A Company | Industry average | |
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Total asset | 100% | 100% |
Current asset | 30% | 24% |
non current asset | 70% | 76% |
liability | 50% | 35% |
Current liability | 10% | 10% |
non current liability | 40% | 25% |
Equity | 50% | 65% |
Total | 100% | 100% |
22.4.2 Ratios
一、Liquidity
- current ratio =current asset/current liabilities
- quick ratio=(Cash + Short-term marketable security + Receivable)/current liabilities
- cash ratio=(Cash + Short-term marketable security)/current liabilities
二、Solvency
- Long term debt to equity=long term debt/equity
- Debt to equity ratio=total debt/equity
- Debt to asset ratio=total debt/total asset
- Debt to capital ratio=debt/capital=debt/debt+equity
- Financial leverage ratio=total asset/equity