chapter7 function

// calling.cpp -- defining, prototyping, and calling a function
#include <iostream>
#include <array>
#include <string>
void simple();    // function prototype
long double probability(unsigned numbers, unsigned picks);
const int Seasons = 4;
const std::array<std::string, Seasons> Snames =
{ "Spring", "Summer", "Fall", "Winter" };

void fill(std::array<double, Seasons>* pa);
void show(std::array<double, Seasons> da);
const double* f1(const double ar[], int n);
const double* f2(const double[], int);
const double* f3(const double*, int);

// second argument is pointer to a type double function that
// takes a type int argument
void estimate(int lines, double (*pf)(int));
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
	//7.1 function
    cout << "main() will call the simple() function:\n";
    simple();     // function call
	cout << "main() is finished with the simple() function.\n";
    //7.2 function 参数和按值传递
	double total, choices;
	cout << "Enter the total number of choices on the game card and\n"
		"the number of picks allowed:\n";
	while ((cin >> total >> choices) && choices <= total)
	{
		cout << "You have one chance in ";
		cout << probability(total, choices);      // compute the odds
		cout << " of winning.\n";
		cout << "Next two numbers (q to quit): ";
	}
	cout << "bye\n";
	//7.3 function&&array
	double properties[Max];
	int size = fill_array(properties, Max);
	size = fill_array(properties, properties +Max);
	show_array(properties, size);
	if (size > 0)
	{
		cout << "Enter revaluation factor: ";
		double factor;
		while (!(cin >> factor))    // bad input
		{
			cin.clear();
			while (cin.get() != '\n')
				continue;
			cout << "Bad input; Please enter a number: ";
		}
		revalue(factor, properties, size);
		show_array(properties, size);
	}
	cout << "Done.\n";
	//7.3.5const ptr
	int sloth = 3;
	const int * ps = &sloth;
	int * const dinger = &sloth;
	//7.4 2_d array and function
	//7.5 function and c_stlye string
	char mmm[15] = "minimum";    // string in an array
	char* wail = "ululate";    // wail points to string

	unsigned int ms = c_in_str(mmm, 'm');
	unsigned int us = c_in_str(wail, 'u');
	//7.5.2 return c_style 
	int times;
	char ch;
	char* ps = buildstr(ch, times);
	cout << ps << endl;
	delete[] ps;                   // free memory
	ps = buildstr('+', 20);         // reuse pointer
	cout << ps << "-DONE-" << ps << endl;
	delete[] ps;                   // free memory
	//7.6 function and struct
	struct polar
	{
		double distance;      // distance from origin
		double angle;         // direction from origin
	};
	struct rect
	{
		double x;             // horizontal distance from origin
		double y;             // vertical distance from origin
	};
	rect rplace;
	polar pplace;
	rplace.x = 10;
	rplace.y = 10;
	{
		rect_to_polar(&rplace, &pplace);    // conversation
		show_polar(&pplace);        // pass address
	}
	//7.7 function and string
	string list[5];     // an array holding 5 string object
	cout << "Enter your " << SIZE << " favorite astronomical sights:\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
	{
		cout << i + 1 << ": ";
		getline(cin, list[i]);
	}

	cout << "Your list:\n";
	display(list, SIZE);
	//7.8 function and array obj
	std::array<double, 4> expenses;
	fill(&expenses);
	show(expenses);
	//7.9digui
	const int Len = 66;
	const int Divs = 6;
	char ruler[Len];
	int i;
	for (i = 1; i < Len - 2; i++)
		ruler[i] = ' ';
	ruler[Len - 1] = '\0';
	int max = Len - 2;
	int min = 0;
	ruler[min] = ruler[max] = '|';
	std::cout << ruler << std::endl;
	for (i = 1; i <= Divs; i++)
	{
		subdivide(ruler, min, max, i);
		std::cout << ruler << std::endl;
	}
	// 7.10function and ptr
	double av[3] = { 1112.3, 1542.6, 2227.9 };

	// pointer to a function
	typedef const double* (*p_fun)(const double*, int);
	p_fun p1 = f1;//const double *(*p1)(const double *, int) = f1;
	auto p2 = f2;  // C++0x automatic type deduction
	cout << "Using pointers to functions:\n";
	cout << " Address  Value\n";
	cout << (*p1)(av, 3) << ": " << *(*p1)(av, 3) << endl;
	cout << p2(av, 3) << ": " << *p2(av, 3) << endl;

	p_fun pa[3] = { f1,f2,f3 };// pa an array of pointers
	auto pb = pa;// pb a pointer to first element of pa
	cout << "\nUsing an array of pointers to functions:\n";
	cout << " Address  Value\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		cout << pa[i](av, 3) << ": " << *pa[i](av, 3) << endl;
	cout << "\nUsing a pointer to a pointer to a function:\n";
	cout << " Address  Value\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		cout << pb[i](av, 3) << ": " << *pb[i](av, 3) << endl;

	// what about a pointer to an array of function pointers
	cout << "\nUsing pointers to an array of pointers:\n";
	cout << " Address  Value\n";
	// easy way to declare pc 
	auto pc = &pa;
	cout << (*pc)[0](av, 3) << ": " << *(*pc)[0](av, 3) << endl;
	// slightly harder way to declare pd
	p_fun(*pd)[3] = &pa;
	// store return value in pdb
	const double* pdb = (*pd)[1](av, 3);
	cout << pdb << ": " << *pdb << endl;
	// alternative notation
	cout << (*(*pd)[2])(av, 3) << ": " << *(*(*pd)[2])(av, 3) << endl;
	// cin.get();
	return 0;
}

// some rather dull functions

const double* f1(const double* ar, int n)
{
	return ar;
}
const double* f2(const double ar[], int n)
{
	return ar + 1;
}
const double* f3(const double ar[], int n)
{
	return ar + 2;
}

void estimate(int lines, double (*pf)(int))
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << lines << " lines will take ";
	cout << (*pf)(lines) << " hour(s)\n";
}


void subdivide(char ar[], int low, int high, int level)
{
	if (level == 0)
		return;
	int mid = (high + low) / 2;
	ar[mid] = '|';
	subdivide(ar, low, mid, level - 1);
	subdivide(ar, mid, high, level - 1);
}

void fill(std::array<double, Seasons>* pa)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < Seasons; i++)
	{
		std::cout << "Enter " << Snames[i] << " expenses: ";
		std::cin >> (*pa)[i];
	}
}

void show(std::array<double, Seasons> da)
{
	double total = 0.0;
	std::cout << "\nEXPENSES\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < Seasons; i++)
	{
		std::cout << Snames[i] << ": $" << da[i] << '\n';
		total += da[i];
	}
	std::cout << "Total: $" << total << '\n';
}
void display(const string sa[], int n)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		cout << i + 1 << ": " << sa[i] << endl;
}
	return 0;
}

// show polar coordinates, converting angle to degrees
void show_polar(const polar* pda)
{
	using namespace std;
	const double Rad_to_deg = 57.29577951;

	cout << "distance = " << pda->distance;
	cout << ", angle = " << pda->angle * Rad_to_deg;
	cout << " degrees\n";
}

// convert rectangular to polar coordinates
void rect_to_polar(const rect* pxy, polar* pda)
{
	using namespace std;
	pda->distance =
		sqrt(pxy->x * pxy->x + pxy->y * pxy->y);
	pda->angle = atan2(pxy->y, pxy->x);
}

// builds string made of n c characters
char* buildstr(char c, int n)
{
	char* pstr = new char[n + 1];
	pstr[n] = '\0';         // terminate string
	while (n-- > 0)
		pstr[n] = c;        // fill rest of string
	return pstr;
}
unsigned int c_in_str(const char* str, char ch)//(const char atr[]
{
	unsigned int count = 0;

	while (*str)        // quit when *str is '\0'
	{
		if (*str == ch)
			count++;
		str++;        // move pointer to next char
	}
	return count;
}

int fill_array(double ar[], int limit)
{
	using namespace std;
	double temp;
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < limit; i++)
	{
		cout << "Enter value #" << (i + 1) << ": ";
		cin >> temp;
		if (!cin)    // bad input
		{
			cin.clear();
			while (cin.get() != '\n')
				continue;
			cout << "Bad input; input process terminated.\n";
			break;
		}
		else if (temp < 0)     // signal to terminate
			break;
		ar[i] = temp;
	}
	return i;
}

// the following function can use, but not alter,
// the array whose address is ar
void show_array(const double ar[], int n)
{
	using namespace std;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		cout << "Property #" << (i + 1) << ": $";
		cout << ar[i] << endl;
	}
}

// multiplies each element of ar[] by r
void revalue(double r, double ar[], int n)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		ar[i] *= r;
}

// function definition
void simple()
{
    using namespace std;
    cout << "I'm but a simple function.\n";
}
// the following function calculates the probability of picking picks
// numbers correctly from numbers choices
long double probability(unsigned numbers, unsigned picks)
{
	long double result = 1.0;  // here come some local variables
	long double n;
	unsigned p;

	for (n = numbers, p = picks; p > 0; n--, p--)
		result = result * n / p;
	return result;
}
// return the sum of an integer array
int fill_array(const int * begin, const int * end)
{
	const int * pt;
	int total = 0;

	for (pt = begin; pt != end; pt++)
		total = total + *pt;
	return total;
}```