Black Scholes公式推导及求解
Black Scholes公式推导及求解 Part 2:降维至一维热力扩散模型
首先,回忆Black Scholes Equation,目标是通过一系列的换元和操作,最终实现将其转换成形如一维热力扩散模型的形式( ∂ p ∂ t ′ = c 2 ∂ 2 p ∂ y ′ 2 \frac{\partial p}{\partial t'}=c^2\frac{\partial^2p}{\partial y^{'2}} ∂t′∂p=c2∂y′2∂2p)。
∂ V ∂ t + 1 2 σ 2 S 2 ∂ 2 V ∂ S 2 + r S ∂ V ∂ S − r V = 0 \frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2S^2\frac{\partial^2V}{\partial S^2}+rS\frac{\partial V}{\partial S}-rV=0 ∂t∂V+21σ2S2∂S2∂2V+rS∂S∂V−rV=0 (1)
第一步(PV->FV转换):
preset value改成future value表示,即: V ( S , t ) = e − r ( T − t ) U ( S , t ) V(S,t)=e^{-r(T-t)}U(S,t) V(S,t)=e−r(T−t)U(S,t)
接着,分别对S求一阶导、二阶导;对t求一阶导则可得到:
{ ∂ V ∂ S = e − r ( T − t ) ∂ U ∂ S ∂ 2 V ∂ S 2 = e − r ( T − t ) ∂ 2 U ∂ S 2 ∂ V ∂ t = r e − r ( T − t ) U + e − r ( T − t ) ∂ U ∂ t ( 根 据 链 式 法 则 ) \begin{cases} \frac{\partial V}{\partial S}=e^{-r(T-t)} \frac{\partial U}{\partial S} \\ \frac{\partial^2V}{\partial S^2}=e^{-r(T-t)}\frac{\partial^2U}{\partial S^2} \\\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}=re^{-r(T-t)}U+e^{-r(T-t)}\frac{\partial U}{\partial t} (根据链式法则)\end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧∂S∂V=e−r(T−t)∂S∂U∂S2∂2V=e−r(T−t)∂S2∂2U∂t∂V=re−r(T−t)U+e−r(T−t)∂t∂U(根据链式法则)
将上面部分代入(1),Black Scholes Equation改写为(这里可以注意到 r V rV rV项消失了):
∂ U ∂ t + 1 2 σ 2 S 2 ∂ 2 ∂ S 2 + r S ∂ U ∂ S = 0 \frac{\partial U}{\partial t}+\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2S^2\frac{\partial^2}{\partial S^2}+rS\frac{\partial U}{\partial S}=0 ∂t∂U+21σ2S2∂S2∂2+rS∂S∂U=0 (2)
(注意到,BS等式成为了一个Backward Komogrove Equation)
第二步(时间转换):
令 τ = T − t \tau=T-t τ=T−t,则有: ∂ ∂ t = ∂ τ ∂ t ∂ ∂ τ = − ∂ ∂ τ \frac{\partial}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial\tau}{\partial t}\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau} ∂t∂=∂t∂τ∂τ∂=−∂τ∂ [链式法则]
则(2)式可写为: ∂ U ∂ τ = 1 2 σ 2 S 2 ∂ 2 U ∂ S 2 + r S ∂ U ∂ S \frac{\partial U}{\partial \tau}=\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2S^2\frac{\partial^2U}{\partial S^2}+rS\frac{\partial U}{\partial S} ∂τ∂U=21σ2S2∂S2∂2U+rS∂S∂U (3)
第三步(转成常系数(用log))
观察(3)式,恰有S的平方与S的二阶导,以及S和S的一阶导。而(3)式与热力扩散模型相比,RHS的系数仍然不是常系数,接下来,考虑通过log的方法,引入新变量 ξ \xi ξ,消除S。
回想我们对底层资产价格建模的时候,是基于资产价格的收益率是一个随机过程。
于是定义: ξ = l o g S \xi=logS ξ=logS
从 ξ \xi ξ我们可知: ∂ ∂ S = e − ξ ∂ ∂ ξ \frac{\partial}{\partial S}=e^{-\xi}\frac{\partial}{\partial\xi} ∂S∂=e−ξ∂ξ∂和 ∂ 2 ∂ S 2 = e − 2 ξ ∂ 2 ∂ ξ 2 − e − 2 ξ ∂ ∂ ξ \frac{\partial^2}{\partial S^2}=e^{-2\xi}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\xi^2}-e^{-2\xi}\frac{\partial}{\partial\xi} ∂S2∂2=e−2ξ∂ξ2∂2−e−2ξ∂ξ∂
进而我们推导出Black Scholes Equation的新形态,RHS变为常系数形式:
∂ U ∂ τ = 1 2 σ 2 ∂ U ∂ ξ 2 + ( r − 1 2 σ 2 ) ∂ U ∂ ξ \frac{\partial U}{\partial \tau}=\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2\frac{\partial^U}{\partial\xi^2}+(r-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2)\frac{\partial U}{\partial\xi} ∂τ∂U=21σ2∂ξ2∂U+(r−21σ2)∂ξ∂U (4)
第四步(消除RHS中的一阶项):
观察(4)式可知,距离最终热力扩散模型形式( ∂ p ∂ t ′ = c 2 ∂ 2 p ∂ y ′ 2 \frac{\partial p}{\partial t'}=c^2\frac{\partial^2p}{\partial y^{'2}} ∂t′∂p=c2∂y′2∂2p),RHS还多出了一个一阶项,想办法进行消除。于是考虑做有点类似坐标转换的操作,引入 x , τ 新 , U x,\tau_新,U x,τ新,U。
令:
x = ξ + ( r − 1 2 σ 2 ) τ 旧 x=\xi+(r-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2)\tau_旧 x=ξ+(r−21σ2)τ旧 (5)
τ 新 = τ 旧 \tau_新=\tau_旧 τ新=τ旧 (6)
U = W ( x , τ ) U=W(x,\tau) U=W(x,τ) (7)
引入 x x x和 τ 新 \tau_新 τ新后,某变量对 τ 旧 \tau_旧 τ旧的求导,实际上就是对 x x x和 τ 新 \tau_新 τ新分别做偏微分。由链式法则可得:
∂ ∂ τ 旧 = ∂ τ 新 ∂ τ 旧 ∂ ∂ τ 新 + ∂ x ∂ τ 旧 ∂ ∂ x = ∂ ∂ τ 新 + ( r − 1 2 σ 2 ) ∂ ∂ x \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau_旧}=\frac{\partial\tau_新}{\partial\tau_旧}\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau_新}+\frac{\partial x}{\partial\tau_旧}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau_新}+(r-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2)\frac{\partial}{\partial x} ∂τ旧∂=∂τ旧∂τ新∂τ新∂+∂τ旧∂x∂x∂=∂τ新∂+(r−21σ2)∂x∂ (8)
同理,某变量对 ξ \xi ξ求导,实际上也是对 x x x和 τ 新 \tau_新 τ新分别做偏微分。由链式法则可得:
∂ ∂ ξ = ∂ τ 新 ∂ ξ ∂ ∂ τ 新 + ∂ x ∂ ξ ∂ ∂ x = ∂ ∂ x \frac{\partial}{\partial\xi}=\frac{\partial\tau_新}{\partial\xi}\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau_新}+\frac{\partial x}{\partial\xi}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x} ∂ξ∂=∂ξ∂τ新∂τ新∂+∂ξ∂x∂x∂=∂x∂ (9)
∂ 2 ∂ ξ 2 = ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial\xi^2}=\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} ∂ξ2∂2=∂x2∂2 (10)
将式(7)(8)(9)(10)代入(4)式,可得:
∂ W ∂ τ + ( r − 1 2 σ 2 ) ∂ W ∂ x = 1 2 σ 2 ∂ 2 W ∂ x 2 + ( r − 1 2 σ 2 ) ∂ W ∂ x \frac{\partial W}{\partial\tau}+(r-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2)\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}=\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2\frac{\partial^2W}{\partial x^2}+(r-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2)\frac{\partial W}{\partial x} ∂τ∂W+(r−21σ2)∂x∂W=21σ2∂x2∂2W+(r−21σ2)∂x∂W
消元后,得到更加简化的Black Scholes Equation
∂ W ∂ τ = 1 2 σ 2 ∂ W ∂ x 2 \frac{\partial W}{\partial\tau}=\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2\frac{\partial^W}{\partial x^2} ∂τ∂W=21σ2∂x2∂W (11)
小结:
Part 2所做的工作可以总结为下式:
V ( S , t ) = e − r ( T − t ) U ( S , t ) = e − r τ U ( S , T − τ ) = e − r τ U ( e ξ , T − τ ) = e − r τ U ( e x − ( r − 1 2 σ 2 ) τ , T − τ ) = e − r τ W ( x , τ ) V(S,t)=e^{-r(T-t)}U(S,t)=e^{-r\tau}U(S,T-\tau)=e^{-r\tau}U(e^\xi,T-\tau)=e^{-r\tau}U(e^{x-(r-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2)\tau},T-\tau)=e^{-r\tau}W(x,\tau) V(S,t)=e−r(T−t)U(S,t)=e−rτU(S,T−τ)=e−rτU(eξ,T−τ)=e−rτU(ex−(r−21σ2)τ,T−τ)=e−rτW(x,τ)