Java 类中初始化顺序问题

一、初始化顺序

在类的内部，变量定义的先后顺序决定了初始化的顺序。即使变量定义散布于方法定义之间，它们仍会在任何方法（包括构造方法）被调用之前得到初始化。

public class OrderOfInitialization {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        House h = new House();
        h.f();
    }
}

class House {
    Window w1 = new Window(1);
    House() {
        System.out.println("House()");
        w3 = new Window(33);
    }
    Window w2 = new Window(2);
    void f() {
        System.out.println("f()");
    }
    Window w3 = new Window(3);
}

class Window {
    Window(int marker) {
        System.out.println("Window(" + marker + ")");
    }
}

//output
Window(1)
Window(2)
Window(3)
House()
Window(33)
f()

二、静态数据的初始化

static关键字不能用于局部变量，只能作用于域，如果一个域是静态的基本类型域，且没有对其初始化，那么它就会获得基本类型的标准初值，如果它是一个对象引用，那么它的默认初始化就是null。

public class StaticInitialization {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
        new Cupboard();
        System.out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
        new Cupboard();
        table.f2(1);
        cupboard.f3(1);
    }
    static Table table = new Table();
    static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard();
}

class Bowl {
    Bowl(int marker) {
        System.out.println("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
    }
    void f1(int marker) {
        System.out.println("f1(" + marker + ")");
    }
}

class Table {
    static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1);
    Table() {
        System.out.println("Table()");
        bowl2.f1(1);
    }
    void f2(int marker) {
        System.out.println("f2(" + marker + ")");
    }
    static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2);
}

class Cupboard {
    Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3);
    static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4);
    Cupboard() {
        System.out.println("Cupboard");
        bowl4.f1(2);
    }
    void f3(int marker) {
        System.out.println("f3" + marker + ")");
    }
    static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5);
}

//output
Bowl(1)
Bowl(2)
Table()
f1(1)
Bowl(4)
Bowl(5)
Bowl(3)
Cupboard
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard
f1(2)
f2(1)
f3(1)

由输出可见，静态初始化只有在必要的时候才会进行。如果不创建Table对象，也不引用Table.b1,Table.b2，那么静态的Bow b1和b2永远都不会被创建。静态初始化只在class对象首次加载的时候进行一次，如果某个类没有被用到，那么其类的class对象不会被加载，类中的静态对象，也不会被初始化。

三、非静态实例的初始化

public class Mugs {
    Mug mug1;
    Mug mug2;
    {
        mug1 = new Mug(1);
        mug2 = new Mug(2);
        System.out.println("mug1 & mug2 initialized");
    }
    Mugs() {
        System.out.println("Mugs()");
    }
    Mugs(int i) {
        System.out.println("Mugs(int)");
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Inside main()");
        new Mugs();
        System.out.println("new Mugs() completed");
        new Mugs(1);
        System.out.println("new Mugs(1) completed");
    }
}

class Mug {
    Mug(int marker) {
        System.out.println("Mug(" + marker + ")");
    }
    void f(int marker) {
        System.out.println("f(" + marker + ")");
    }
}

//output
Inside main()
Mug(1)
Mug(2)
mug1 & mug2 initialized
Mugs()
new Mugs() completed
Mug(1)
Mug(2)
mug1 & mug2 initialized
Mugs(int)
new Mugs(1) completed