6.5 Simultaneous Triangulation; Simultaneous Diagonalization

这一节解决的核心问题是，在一族可交换operator条件下，如果这个族都是可三角化（对角化）的，那么能有一组基使得该族内所有operator在这一基下的矩阵都是三角化（对角化）的。

Exercises

1.Find an invertible real matrix $P$ such that $P^{-1}AP$ and $P^{-1}BP$ are both diagonal, where $A$ and $B$ are the real matrices
( a ) $A=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 0& 2\end{array}\right],B=\left[\begin{array}{cc}3& -8\\ 0& -1\end{array}\right]$
( b ) $A=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right],B=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& a\\ a& 1\end{array}\right]$
Solution:
( a ) We can verify that $A$ and $B$ commute. Since $1$ and $2$ are distinct characteristic value of $A$, and ${\alpha }_1=(1,0)$ and ${\alpha }_2=(2,1)$ are basis of $\text{null }(A-I)$ and $\text{null }(A-2I)$, we have
$$B{\alpha }_1=\left[\begin{array}{cc}3& -8\\ 0& -1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}3\\ 0\end{array}\right],B{\alpha }_2=\left[\begin{array}{cc}3& -8\\ 0& -1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}2\\ 1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}-2\\ -1\end{array}\right]$$
thus the real matrix $P$ we need is $P=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$.
( b ) We can verify that $AB=BA=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1+a& 1+a\\ 1+a& 1+a\end{array}\right]$, since $0$ and $2$ are distinct characteristic value of $A$, and ${\alpha }_1=(1,-1)$ and ${\alpha }_2=(1,1)$ are basis of $\text{null }(A)$ and $\text{null }(A-2I)$, we have
$$B{\alpha }_1=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& a\\ a& 1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ -1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}1-a\\ a-1\end{array}\right],B{\alpha }_2=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& a\\ a& 1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}1+a\\ 1+a\end{array}\right]$$
thus the real matrix $P$ we need is $P=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& -1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right]$.

2.Let $\mathfrak{F}$ be a commuting family of $3\times 3$ complex matrices. How many linearly independent matrices can $\mathfrak{F}$ contain? What about the $n\times n$ case?
Solution: All matrices in $\mathfrak{F}$ can be triangular under the same basis, thus there are $6$ linearly independent matrices that $\mathfrak{F}$ can contain. In the $n\times n$ case, there are $n!$ linearly independent matrices in $\mathfrak{F}$.

3.Let $T$ be a linear operator on an $n$-dimensional space, and suppose that $T$ has $n$ distinct characteristic values. Prove that any linear operator which commutes with $T$ is a polynomial in $T$.
Solution: Suppose $T$ has $n$ distinct values c 1 , … , c n c_1,\dots,c_n