导数与微分题型:
题型一:导数与微分的概念
方向1:利用导数定义判定可导性
例1:设
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f(0)=0
f(0)=0,则
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f(x)
f(x)在
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x=0
x=0可导的充分必要条件为:
A.
lim
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\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{h^{2}} f(1-\cos h)
limh→0h21f(1−cosh)存在 B.
lim
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f
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e
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\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{h} f\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{h}\right)
limh→0h1f(1−eh)存在
C. lim h → 0 1 h 2 f ( h − sin h ) \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{h^{2}} f(h-\sin h) limh→0h21f(h−sinh)存在 D. lim h → 0 1 h [ f ( 2 h ) − f ( h ) ] \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{h}[f(2 h)-f(h)] limh→0h1[f(2h)−f(h)]存在
分析&思路:
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首先我们需要知道导数定义成立的条件
lim □ → 0 f ( x 0 + □ ) − f ( x 0 ) □ \lim _{\square \rightarrow 0} \frac{f\left(x_{0}+\square\right)-f\left(x_{0}\right)}{\square} □→0lim□f(x0+□)−f(x0)1. □ → 0 \square \rightarrow 0 □→0
2. □ ≠ 0 \square \neq 0 □=0
3. □ \square □ 要在0左右跳越 总之" □ \square □"表达式需要在0的左右分别靠近 -
然后开始凑形式
开始解题:
A选项中
lim h → 0 f ( 1 − cosh ) h 2 = lim h → 0 f ( 1 − cosh ) − f ( 0 ) h 2 = lim h → 0 f [ 0 + ( 1 − cosh ) ] − f ( 0 ) 1 − cosh ⋅ 1 − cosh h 2 \begin{aligned} & \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(1-\cosh )}{h^{2}} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(1-\cosh )-f(0)}{h^{2}} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f[0+(1-\cosh )]-f(0)}{1-\cosh } \cdot \frac{1-\cosh }{h^{2}} \end{aligned} ==h→0limh2f(1−cosh)h→0limh2f(1−cosh)−f(0)h→0lim1−coshf[0+(1−cosh)]−f(0)⋅h21−cosh
很显然 1 − cosh 1-\cosh 1−cosh在 h → 0 h \rightarrow 0 h→0的时候只能从右边趋近于0 不能左右趋向于0,不满足条件3
所以A错
B选项中
lim h → 0 f ( 1 − e h ) − f ( 0 ) h = lim h → 0 f [ 0 + ( 1 − e h ) ] − f ( 0 ) 1 − e h ⋅ 1 − e h h \begin{aligned} & \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f\left(1-e^{h}\right)-f(0)}{h} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{ \left.f\left[0+( 1-e^{h}\right)\right]-f(0)}{1-e^{h}} \cdot \frac{1-e^{h}}{h} \end{aligned} =h→0limhf(1−eh)−f(0)h→0lim1−ehf[0+(1−eh)]−f(0)⋅h1−eh
= − f ′ ( 0 ) =-f^{\prime}(0) =−f′(0)
因为B式存在,所以 f ′ ( 0 ) f^{\prime}(0) f′(0)存在
反过来 f ′ ( 0 ) f^{\prime}(0) f′(0)存在,证明B式存在
lim h → 0 f ( 1 − e h ) − f ( 0 ) h = lim h → 0 f [ 0 + ( 1 − e h ) ] − f ( 0 ) 1 − e h ⋅ 1 − e h h \begin{aligned} & \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f\left(1-e^{h}\right)-f(0)}{h} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{ \left.f\left[0+( 1-e^{h}\right)\right]-f(0)}{1-e^{h}} \cdot \frac{1-e^{h}}{h} \end{aligned} =h→0limhf(1−eh)−f(0)h→0lim1−ehf[0+(1−eh)]−f(0)⋅h1−eh
= − f ′ ( 0 ) =-f^{\prime}(0) =−f′(0)
因为 f ′ ( 0 ) f^{\prime}(0) f′(0)存在,所以B式存在
所以B对
别看这分析的式子一摸一样,需要理清思维才行
C选项中
lim h → 0 f ( h − sinh ) − f ( 0 ) h 2 = lim h → 0 f [ 0 + ( h − sinh ) ] − f ( 0 ) h − sinh ⋅ h − sinh h 2 \begin{aligned} & \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(h-\sinh )-f(0)}{h^{2}} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f[0+(h-\sinh )]-f(0)}{h-\sinh } \cdot \frac{h-\sinh }{h^{2}} \end{aligned} =h→0limh2f(h−sinh)−f(0)h→0limh−sinhf[0+(h−sinh)]−f(0)⋅h2h−sinh
很显然后者是高阶无穷小,极限不存在,所以不能证明
所以C错
D选项中
lim h → 0 f ( 2 h ) − f ( h ) h = lim h → 0 f ( 0 + 2 h ) − f ( 0 ) − [ f ( h ) − f ( 0 ) ] h = lim h → 0 2 f ( 0 + 2 h ) − f ( 0 ) 2 h − lim h → 0 f ( h ) − f ( 0 ) h \begin{aligned} & \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(2 h)-f(h)}{h} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(0+2 h)-f(0)-[f(h)-f(0)]}{h} \\=& \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} 2 \frac{f(0+2 h)-f(0)}{2 h}-\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(h)-f(0)}{h} \end{aligned} ==h→0limhf(2h)−f(h)h→0limhf(0+2h)−f(0)−[f(h)−f(0)]h→0lim22hf(0+2h)−f(0)−h→0limhf(h)−f(0)
因为拆开的前提为极限存在,也就是要求 f ′ ( 0 ) f^{\prime}(0) f′(0)存在,但是这是待证明的结论,不能用结论证明结论
理论架空,所以D错解毕