客户服务器技术

客户服务器技术 (Client-server Technology)

Client-server is a computer model that separates client and server, and usually interlinked using a computer network. Each instance of a client can send data requests to one of the servers online and expect a response. In turn, some of the available servers can accept these requests, process them and return the result to the client. Although the concept be applied to various uses and applications, the architecture is almost the same.

客户端-服务器是一种将客户端和服务器分开的计算机模型，通常使用计算机网络进行互连。 客户端的每个实例都可以在线将数据请求发送到其中一台服务器，并期望得到响应。 反过来，某些可用的服务器可以接受这些请求，对其进行处理，然后将结果返回给客户端。 尽管该概念可应用于各种用途和应用程序，但其架构几乎相同。

Often clients and servers communicate through a computer network with separate hardware, but the client and server can reside on the same system. The machine is a host server that is running one or more server programs that share their resources with clients.

通常，客户端和服务器通过计算机网络与单独的硬件进行通信，但是客户端和服务器可以驻留在同一系统上。 该计算机是一台主机服务器，正在运行一个或多个与客户端共享资源的服务器程序。

A client does not share its resources, but requests content from a server or service function. Clients, therefore, initiate communication sessions with the servers that wait for incoming requests.

客户端不共享其资源，而是从服务器或服务功能请求内容。 因此，客户端启动与等待传入请求的服务器的通信会话。

客户端服务器-说明 (Client-server – Description)

The character of client-server describes the relationship of programs in an application. The server component provides a function or service to one or many clents, who start their service requests.

客户服务器的特征描述了应用程序中程序之间的关系。 服务器组件向开始其服务请求的一个或多个客户提供一项功能或服务。

Functions such as exchanging e-mail, Internet access and database access, are built based on client-server model. For example, a web browser is a client program running on a user’s computer that can access information stored on a web server on the Internet. Users accessing banking services from your computer using a Web browser client to send a request to a web server in a bank. That program may in turn forward the request to its own program database client that sends a request to a server database on another computer to retrieve bank account information. The balance is returned to the client database of the bank, which in turn serves it back to the client browser and displays the results to the user.

基于客户端-服务器模型构建了诸如交换电子邮件，Internet访问和数据库访问之类的功能。 例如，Web浏览器是在用户计算机上运行的客户端程序，可以访问Internet上Web服务器上存储的信息。 用户使用Web浏览器客户端从您的计算机访问银行服务，以将请求发送到银行中的Web服务器。 该程序可以依次将请求转发到它自己的程序数据库客户端，该客户端将请求发送到另一台计算机上的服务器数据库以检索银行帐户信息。 余额被返回到银行的客户数据库，后者又将其提供给客户浏览器并向用户显示结果。

The client-server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Many business applications being written today use the client-server model. In marketing, the term has been used to distinguish distributed computing by smaller dispersed computers from the “computing” monolithic centralized mainframe computers.

客户-服务器模型已经成为网络计算的中心思想之一。 今天编写的许多业务应用程序都使用客户端-服务器模型。 在市场营销中，该术语已被用于区分小型分散计算机和“计算”整体式集中式大型计算机的分布式计算。

Each instance of client software can send data requests to one or more servers connected. In turn, the servers can accept these requests, process them and return the requested information to the client. Although this concept can be applied to a variety of reasons for different types of applications, the architecture remains fundamentally the same.

客户端软件的每个实例可以将数据请求发送到连接的一个或多个服务器。 反过来，服务器可以接受这些请求，对其进行处理，然后将请求的信息返回给客户端。 尽管对于不同类型的应用程序，此概念可以出于多种原因应用，但是体系结构在根本上保持不变。

客户特点 (Features of the Client)

• Always start applications servers;
  始终启动应用程序服务器；
• Waits for responses;
  等待回应；
• Get answers;
  获得答案；
• Usually connects to a small number of servers at once;
  通常一次连接到少量服务器；
• Normally, interacts directly with end users through any user interface, such as graphical user interface.
  通常，通过任何用户界面(例如图形用户界面)直接与最终用户进行交互。

服务器功能 (Server Features)

• Always wait for a request from a client;
  总是等待客户的请求；
• Serves clients’ requests, then responds with the requested data to clients;
  服务客户的请求，然后将请求的数据响应给客户；
• A server can communicate with other servers in order to meet a client’s request.
  一台服务器可以与其他服务器通信，以满足客户的请求。

客户服务器架构–优势 (Client-server Architecture – Advantages)

• In most cases, the client-server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities of a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers that are known to itself through a network. This creates an additional advantage to this architecture: greater ease of maintenance. For example, you can replace, repair, upgrade or even relocate a server clients, while continuing to be the conscience and not affected by this change;
  在大多数情况下，客户端-服务器体系结构可以使计算系统的角色和职责分布在通过网络知道的几台独立计算机之间。 这为该体系结构带来了另一个优势：维护更加简便。 例如，您可以替换，修复，升级甚至重新定位服务器客户端，同时继续保持良知并不受此更改的影响；
• All data is stored on servers, which typically have far greater security controls than most clients. Servers can better control access and resources to ensure that only clients with appropriate permissions can access and change data;
  所有数据都存储在服务器上，服务器通常比大多数客户端具有更大的安全性控制。 服务器可以更好地控制访问和资源，以确保只有具有适当权限的客户端才能访问和更改数据。
• Since data storage is centralized, updates the data are much easier to administer, compared to the P2P paradigm, where a P2P architecture, data updates may need to be distributed and applied to each point in the network, which is the is time-consuming error-prone, as there may be thousands or even millions of peers;
  由于数据存储是集中式的，因此与P2P架构(P2P架构)相比，更新数据更容易管理，因为P2P架构可能需要将数据更新分发并应用于网络中的每个点，这是耗时的错误-容易，因为可能有成千上万甚至数百万的同龄人；
• Many advanced technologies for client-server are now available that are designed to ensure safety, ease of user interface and ease of use;
  现在有许多用于客户端-服务器的先进技术，这些技术旨在确保安全性，用户界面的易用性和易用性。
• Works with many different clients of different capabilities.
  与具有不同功能的许多不同客户端一起使用。

客户端-服务器体系结构–缺点 (Client-server Architecture – Disadvantages)

• Network traffic blocking is one of the problems related to client-server model. As the number of simultaneous requests the client to a particular server, the server may become overloaded;
  网络流量阻塞是与客户端-服务器模型相关的问题之一。 随着客户端同时向特定服务器请求的次数，该服务器可能变得过载。
• The client-server paradigm lacks the robustness of a P2P network. Under client-server, if a critical server fails, the clients’ requests can not be met. In P2P networks, resources are usually distributed among multiple nodes. Even if one or more nodes depart and abandon a downloading file, for example, the remaining nodes should still have the data necessary to complete the download.
  客户-服务器范例缺乏P2P网络的健壮性。 在客户端服务器下，如果关键服务器出现故障，则无法满足客户端的请求。 在P2P网络中，资源通常分布在多个节点之间。 例如，即使一个或多个节点离开并放弃了下载文件，其余节点仍应具有完成下载所需的数据。

传输协议和网络应用 (Transport protocols and network applications)

The level protocols provide transport services to ensure a reliable transfer of data and applications between computers (or other equipment) remote. The programs at the application layer transport protocols use to contact other applications. For this, the application interacts with the protocol software before making contact. The application waits for a connection that tells the local software protocol that is ready to accept the message. The application that establishes the connection uses the network and transport protocols to contact the system waits. The messages between the two applications are exchanged over the resulting connection.

级别协议提供传输服务，以确保在远程计算机(或其他设备)之间可靠地传输数据和应用程序。 应用程序层传输协议中的程序用于联系其他应用程序。 为此，应用程序在联系之前先与协议软件进行交互。 应用程序等待一个连接，该连接告知本地软件协议已准备好接受该消息。 建立连接的应用程序使用网络和传输协议来联系系统等待。 两个应用程序之间的消息通过结果连接进行交换。

There are two ways to establish a client-server connection: while one is connection-oriented, the other is not. TCP, for example, is a protocol for connection-oriented transport that the client establishes a connection to the server and they exchange multiple messages of varying sizes, with whom the client application terminates the session. Since UDP is not connection-oriented, the client it builds a message and sends a UDP packet to the server, which responds without establishing a permanent connection to the client.

建立客户端-服务器连接的方法有两种：一种是面向连接的，另一种不是。 例如，TCP是用于面向连接的传输的协议，客户端建立与服务器的连接，并且它们交换大小不同的多个消息，客户端应用程序通过这些消息来终止会话。 由于UDP不是面向连接的，因此客户端会生成一条消息，并将UDP数据包发送到服务器，该服务器会在不建立与客户端的永久连接的情况下进行响应。

Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.

研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。 该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到 。

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/client-server-technology/