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The device you use to print your mapquest directions has more going on inside it that you’d give it credit for—in fact, it’s practically a miracle. What goes on inside one, and what’s different about professional printers?
您用来打印mapquest路线的设备内部有许多值得您赞扬的功能-实际上，这实际上是一个奇迹。 里面发生了什么，专业打印机又有什么不同？
There are many different ways to create prints besides your basic inkjet printer. Look through this basic primer on printing, including the inner workings of basic types of printers, both consumer and professional level.
除了基本的喷墨打印机外，还有许多其他创建打印件的方法。 浏览有关打印的基本基础知识，包括消费者和专业水平的基本类型打印机的内部工作原理。
打印如何工作？ (How Does Printing Work?)
In order to create tints and shades, prints often contain some sort of optically blended tone created by tiny dots of ink, similar to the optical black-and-white blends created by the illustrator Virgil Finlay, above. Similar to how Virgil created shades of gray with simple blacks and whites, tones are created from primary inks, with dense groupings of dots creating darker tones, and light groupings of dots creating light tones. With many modern, very high-resolution printers and printing methods, these dots are nearly invisible, giving the illusion of smooth, continuous tones.
为了产生色调和阴影，印刷品通常包含由微小墨点产生的某种光学混合色调，类似于上面的插图画家维吉尔·芬利(Virgil Finlay)产生的光学黑白混合。 类似于维吉尔用简单的黑白创建灰色阴影的方式一样，色调是用主墨水创建的，密集的点组创建较暗的色调，点的浅组则创建浅色调。 在许多现代的，高分辨率的打印机和打印方法中，这些点几乎是不可见的，给人以平滑连续的色调的幻觉。
While any color of ink can be printed, the so-called “primary” colors of printing are Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow. These colors, often called “process colors,” mix to create a broad color range for paper printing. In addition to Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow, Black (also known as Key, or Keyline) is a fourth common primary ink, as it allows printers to tint and shade colors without having to go to the trouble of creating a mixed black, illustrated above in the center. Also known as a gamut, the color range CMYK inks have can recreate, with a fair degree of accuracy, photographs and many other kinds of artwork.
尽管可以打印任何颜色的墨水，但是所谓的“原色”打印是青色，品红色和黄色。 这些颜色(通常称为“原色”)混合在一起以创建较宽的纸张打印颜色范围。 除了青色，品红色和黄色之外，黑色(也称为“键”或“键线”)是第四种常见的原色墨水，因为它使打印机可以着色和着色颜色，而不必麻烦创建混合黑色，如图所示在中心上方。 也称为色域， CMYK油墨具有的色域可以相当精确地重现照片和许多其他种类的艺术品。
While many colors can be created with using CMYK inks, there are limitations to printing with a selection of four primaries. No desktop printer is likely to accurately print a fluorescent ink, or accurately reproduce a photograph of said fluorescent ink. Because the printing inks in CMYK models blend to create secondary colors, the result is necessarily duller than the original primaries. Therefore, colors like fluorescents are known as “out of gamut,” or out of the color space possible by the CMYK method. Coincidentally, monitors and image files also have color gamuts, created by similar methods. While the range of colors are somewhat different as they are based on different primary colors, you’ll find the same sorts of colors appearing as “out of gamut” again and again as they’re all limited in similar ways.
尽管使用CMYK墨水可以创建许多颜色，但是在选择四个原色的情况下进行打印存在局限性。 台式打印机不可能准确地打印荧光墨水或准确地复制所述荧光墨水的照片。 由于CMYK模型中的印刷油墨会混合以创建第二色，因此结果必然比原始原色更暗淡。 因此，荧光之类的颜色被称为“色域不全”，或者超出了CMYK方法可能存在的色彩空间。 巧合的是，监视器和图像文件也具有通过类似方法创建的色域。 尽管颜色范围因基于不同的原色而有所不同，但您会发现相同种类的颜色一次又一次地显示为“色域外”，因为它们都以相似的方式受到限制。
The aim of printing is the same, whether the medium is a multimillion-dollar offset lithography press or a humble potato. The basic idea is to use some medium to transfer ink or pigment to some sort of medium, or substrate. Ideally, you’ll want to create multiple copies, thereby offsetting the time invested in the initial setup. Once you have your tools to create your prints, you create impressions on your chosen substrate, again, using any medium you choose, potato or not.
无论介质是价值数百万美元的胶印平版印刷机还是不起眼的马铃薯，印刷的目的都是相同的。 基本思想是使用某种介质将油墨或颜料转移到某种介质或基材上 。 理想情况下，您将需要创建多个副本，从而抵消在初始设置上花费的时间。 一旦有了创建印刷品的工具，就可以再次使用所选的任何介质(无论是否为马铃薯)在所选承印物上创建压印 。
Throughout the history of printing, this has always been the model, although it can look very different in medium to medium. Let’s take a few minutes to understand some of the different ways prints are made.
在整个印刷历史中，这始终是模型，尽管在中型和中型上看起来可能大不相同。 让我们花一些时间来理解一些不同的打印方式。
喷墨打印机 (Inkjet Printers)
While they are the everyman’s introduction to printing, many viable methods of printing have simpler means of creating an image—it’s actually quite complex and miraculous that desktop printers work at all. Both Inkjet and LaserJet printers employ the CMYK method and are limited to that particular color gamut. There are exceptions, with some more elaborate photo printers going to the trouble of including additional colors like light Cyans and light Magentas. This increases the number of colors, allowing for more subtlety in prints, and more range in light and dark colors. Theoretically, desktop printers could include an unlimited number or inks, filling in all the gaps in the color gamut, but this would likely be a tough sell for consumers, even if it could print fluorescent inks.
尽管它们是每个人的打印入门，但许多可行的打印方法都具有更简单的图像创建方法-台式打印机完全可以工作，这是非常复杂和不可思议的。 Inkjet和LaserJet打印机都使用CMYK方法，并且限于该特定色域。 也有例外，一些更精致的照片打印机会麻烦添加其他颜色，例如浅Cyans和浅洋红色。 这样可以增加颜色数量，从而使打印更加细腻，而在浅色和深色方面则更为丰富。 从理论上讲，台式打印机可以包含数量不限的墨水，从而填补了色域中的所有空白，但是即使可以打印荧光墨水，这对消费者而言也可能是一个艰难的选择。
Rather than creating a stencil, stamp, or plate, Inkjet printers rely on the computer to track the position of ink nozzles, which spray tiny microdroplets of ink in various sizes and in various densities, creating tones of said colors on papers. With the nozzles moving horizontally across the page, rollers inside the printer move a gripped page vertically in sync with the print head. The nozzles are capable of firing thousands of dots as the printhead glides over the paper, and, miraculously, the computer is capable of tracking the entire thing, creating pixel perfect reproductions of the art or photographs sent to the hundred-dollar USB peripheral.
喷墨打印机无需创建模板，邮票或印版，而是依靠计算机来跟踪墨水喷嘴的位置，这些喷嘴以各种大小和密度喷射微小的墨水微滴，从而在纸张上产生上述颜色的色调。 当喷嘴在页面上水平移动时，打印机内部的滚轴与打印头同步地垂直移动被夹持的页面。 当打印头在纸上滑动时，喷嘴能够发射数千个点，而且，计算机奇迹般地能够跟踪整个物体，从而将艺术品或照片的像素完美复制到发送到一百美元的USB外设上。
Because the inks are sprayed onto the paper, they are necessarily liquid. This has various weak points, as moisture can warp papers, and wet inks tend to smear. There are, however, dry methods for desktop printing, such as Laser printers.
因为油墨是喷在纸上的，所以它们一定是液体。 这有很多弱点，因为湿气会使纸张翘曲，而湿的墨水容易弄脏。 但是，桌面打印有干式方法，例如激光打印机。
LaserJet打印机和静电复印 (LaserJet Printers and Xerography)
While their process is somewhat harder to understand, Laser printers are fascinating machines, with processes that date back as far as 1778. It wasn’t until the early 20th century that it was combined with photography, and even then it was not quite ready for production printing on any sort of large scale. Laser printers use a process called Xerography, which uses static electricity and physics to create images.
尽管其过程有些难以理解，但激光打印机却是一台引人入胜的机器，其过程可以追溯到1778年。直到20世纪初期，它才与摄影结合在一起，即使那时它还没有做好充分的准备大规模生产印刷。 激光打印机使用称为Xerography的过程，该过程使用静电和物理学来创建图像。
This graphic created by Wikipedia user Yzmo does an excellent job of explaining the basic ideas behind Xerography. You may have seen round, cylindrical drums inside your laser printers. One of these drums is charged with an electric current until it carries an overall charge, illustrated in point (1.) Light reacts with the charged areas of the drum, removing the charge from the areas where it was hit by the focused light, or the case of laser printers, a literal laser, as seen in point (2.) At this point, a sort of stencil has been drawn by the laser beam on the rotating cylinder, and the printer dusts said cylinder with toner particles with the opposite charge, as in point (3.) The opposite charges attract and stick to one another, until they are run over a paper substrate with a charge to attract the toner, creating an impression of the image, as in (4.) Science!
由Wikipedia用户Yzmo创建的图形非常出色地解释了Xerography背后的基本思想。 您可能已经在激光打印机中看到圆形的圆柱形鼓。 其中一个感光鼓被充电，直到它携带全部电荷为止，如点(1)所示。光线与感光鼓的充电区域发生React，将电荷从聚焦光击中的区域中清除，或者在激光打印机的情况下，如点(2)所示。在这一点上，激光束在旋转的滚筒上绘制了一种模版，并且打印机在滚筒上用相反的墨粉颗粒除尘。电荷，如在点(3)的相反电荷吸引并彼此粘着，直到它们被碾过的纸基材与电荷，以吸引调色剂，产生的图像的印象，如在(4) 科学 ！
光刻和胶印 (Lithography and Offset Printing)
While employing the same basic ideas as other types of printing, Lithography, often known as “Offset” printing, creates images with machines that are simultaneously more and less complicated than your standard desktop printer. Much of the world’s printing is done on Lithography presses, including most newspapers, magazines, books, and most mass-produced print media.
在采用与其他类型的打印相同的基本思想的同时，平版印刷术(通常称为“胶版”印刷)使用与标准台式打印机相比越来越复杂的机器来创建图像。 世界上大部分印刷都是在平版印刷机上完成的，包括大多数报纸，杂志，书籍和大多数批量生产的印刷媒体。
One of the major advantages of offset printing is the ability to use colors outside of the process color CMYK gamut. Any ink that can be created that is appropriate for offset printing (most inks are exclusive to a type of printing). This means that fluorescent colors, impossible with Laser printers and Inkjets, are possible with lithography. Let’s briefly take a look at how and why that is.
胶版印刷的主要优点之一是能够使用印刷色CMYK色域之外的颜色。 可以创建的适合于胶印的任何墨水(大多数墨水专用于一种打印类型)。 这意味着光刻技术可以实现激光打印机和喷墨打印机无法实现的荧光色。 让我们简要地看看它是如何以及为什么。
Similar to the rollers and method used in Xerography, Litho presses use wrapped photographic plates, one per color, to print images. The plates have two basic areas, with ink being repelled by hydrophilic (water-loving) areas and adhering to hydrophobic (water-fearing) areas—these hydrophobic areas creating your printable image areas.
与Xerography中使用的辊子和方法类似，Litho印刷机使用包裹的照相板(每种颜色一种)来打印图像。 该板有两个基本方面，墨水由亲水( 喜水的 )区域所排斥，坚持疏水性( 水担心 )地区，这些疏水区域创建可打印的图像区域。
The illustration above should show more clearly the difference in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas, as the black areas are the inked hydrophobic areas. This is an old-fashioned litho stone, similar to one of the ones Alois Senefelder would have used when he created the method in 1796. Modern offset presses do not use lithography stones, but rather metal plates with similar hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties.
上面的插图应更清楚地显示出疏水和亲水区域的差异，因为黑色区域是着墨的疏水区域。 这是一种老式的光刻石，类似于Alois Senefelder在1796年创建该方法时所用的石版。现代胶印机不使用平版印刷石，而是使用具有类似疏水性/亲水性的金属板。
Because of this plate-per color style of printing, a printer can have specific colors beyond the CMYK set. As long as a specific press has the stations to add multiple plates, any number of colors can be added, allowing for those out of gamut colors. However, as colors are added, the difficulty in printing an image rises.
由于这种按平板印刷的颜色样式，打印机可以具有超出CMYK设置的特定颜色。 只要一台特定的印刷机具有添加多个印版的工位，就可以添加任何数量的颜色，从而使色域范围之外。 然而，随着添加颜色，打印图像的难度增加。
What you see in the image illustrated above is paper in long rolls, whizzing by at speeds so fast the camera captures as blurs, with multiple stations, each with plates, stretching into the distance. With every station, papers have a tendency to stretch lengthwise, as they are pressed between rollers, oftentimes creating images with the hallmark “out of alignment” look where colors do not line up as they were intended.
在上图所示的图像中，您看到的是长卷状的纸张，以如此快的速度闪烁着，相机以模糊的速度捕捉到图像，其中有多个站点，每个站点都有印版，延伸到远处。 在每个工位上，将纸张压在辊之间时，纸张有纵向拉伸的趋势，通常创建带有“失准”标记的图像时，颜色看上去并没有按照预期排列。
While a great many publishers are moving toward an e-book market, it’s pretty clear from the continued rapid production of not only books, but also paper products by the millions, that print is far from dead. While many antiquated methods of delivering information are suffering from advances in technology (read: newspapers), many are improved by new technologies that improve the look and quality of prints. We’ll likely see interesting innovations in printing in the next several years, with more products like Inkjets and Laser printers for end-users, and professional presses capable of things older printers wouldn’t have ever dreamt of.
尽管许多出版商都在朝着电子书市场迈进，但从继续快速生产不仅是书籍，而且还有数以百万计的纸制品的持续快速增长中可以明显看出，印刷品还没有死。 尽管许多过时的信息传递方法都受到技术进步的影响(阅读：报纸)，但许多新技术却可以改善印刷品的外观和质量。 在未来几年中，我们可能会看到有趣的印刷创新，更多的产品(如面向最终用户的喷墨打印机和激光打印机)以及能够实现旧打印机无法企及的专业印刷机。
Image Credits: Lexmark Printer by Sir Adavis: http://goo.gl/Oh34W Illustration by Virgil Finlay used without permission, assumed fair use. Potato Print by jimmiehomeschoolmom: http://goo.gl/rHNqp Ink Cartridges by kennymatic: http://goo.gl/JTpuK Laser Printer by oskay: http://goo.gl/2bLbu Xerography infographic by Yzmo: http://goo.gl/7zt10 Rollers by solsken: http://goo.gl/65wKf Poster printing press by Rémih: http://goo.gl/65wKf Man Roland by Sven Teschke: http://goo.gl/KU8lH
图片来源：Adavis爵士的Lexmark打印机： http : //goo.gl/Oh34W Virgil Finlay的 插图 未经许可使用，并假定为合理使用。 jimmiehomeschoolmom制作的马铃薯印刷品：kennymatic制作的 http://goo.gl/rHNqp 墨盒：oskay制作的 http://goo.gl/JTpuK 激光打印机 ： http: //goo.gl/2bLbu Yzmo的 Xerography信息图表： http：// /goo.gl/7zt10 solsken的 滚轴： http : //goo.gl/65wKfRémih的 海报印刷机： http : //goo.gl/65wKf Sven Teschke的Man Roland： http : //goo.gl/KU8lH
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