【贪玩巴斯】带你一起攻克英语语法长难句—— 第三章——名词(短语)和名词性从句{主语、宾语、表语和同位语}全解 ——2022年2月6日-16日
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1.名词(短语)能做什么成分?
The boy is cool.
I like his book.
Jay is a singer.
I like the toy,the fancy car.
- 在这四句话中,名词短语分别作 主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
- (严格来讲,名词(短语)还可以做定语)
2.解释同位语是什么?
- 同位语说明——前后两个部分指的是同一个东西。
- 两个名词(短语)指的是同一个东西。事实上,在作文中只要出现名词(短语),都可以试图加另外一个名词(短语)作它的同位语,但是前后要用逗号或破折号隔开。
- 例子:
- English, a worldwide language,is playing a key role in our communication with others.
- A boy —— a crazy football fan—— writes the name of Beckham, a well-known worldwide superstar, on his face.
- 加上同位语后,句子会变得更加的地道,这就是同位语这类修饰成分的作用。
3.什么是名词性从句?
3.1 从句是?
- 从句就是—— 引导词 + 分词,也就是说:引导词 + 主语 + 谓语。
- 它和简单句的区别就是,前面加了一个叫做引导词的东西。(that who where when 均为引导词)
3.2 什么是名词性从句?
When I saw repeatedly is so moving and encouraging.
I admire what his mother said.
Gump is who we should learn from.
I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.
- 显而易见,可以做主语、宾语、表语和同位语,格式为——从句(引导词+主语+谓语)充当了名词短语本来充当的成分。
- 从句做主语,就是主语从句、从句做宾语,就是宾语从句、从句作表语,就是表语从句、从句做同位语,就是同位语从句。
- 所以,名词性从句就是名词(短语)能够充当的成分,从句也能充当。
- 一共包括四类——主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
3.3 名词性从句的引导词
- 一个完整的句子不能在另外一个句子里面做主语!
- 只有从句才能在另外一个句子里面充当成分!
- 事实上,一个完整的句子在另外一个句子中是不能做任何成分的。如果想让一个句子在另外一个句子中做成分,就必须在它前面加上引导词,使它变为从句。
- 一个句子不能在另外一个句子中做主语。同样的解决办法:加引导词。
- 名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型来划分的,一共分成三类:
- 1.that:当从句是陈述句的时候。
-
- That 在从句中不充当成分,也没有实义。在不影响句子意思的情况下,宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。
- 2.whether/if :当从句是一般疑问句的时候。
-
- 不充当成分,但意思为“是否”。这两个引导词中,whether可以引导所有的名词性从句,而if只能引导宾语从句。
- 3.特殊疑问句: 当从句是特殊疑问句时。常见的连接副词有:when、where、why、how;常见的连接代词有:who、whom、what、which、whose。并且这些特殊疑问句一般都有固定的意思,不能省略。
- 格外注意:
- 所有的从句,包括后面会学到的定语从句、状语从句,都应该是称述句的语序,也就是——“引导词 + 主语 + 谓语”的顺序。
- 例子:
- I wonder why people live on the earth.
- Whether aliens exists is really vital.
- My idea is that we will go to see a movie after finishing this chapter.
- That she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy.
- 注意:因为当一个从句做主语的时候,谓语动词用第三人称单数,所以make的后面加s。
- Someday, you will find that career and kinship are more important than love itself.
- why they left their hometowns for Tibet is mystery.
4.名词性从句的应用
4.1 写作
4.1.1 主语从句
That she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy.
The reading is to purify our minds is beyond dispute.
- 在主语从句中,上面的句子会给人头重脚轻的感觉,英语中通常把主语从句放到句末,用it作形式主语,结果就是:
- It makes me happy that she succeded in finding a friend.
- It is beyond dispute that reading is to purify our minds.
- 总结:
- 主语从句的满分表达式就是it做形式主语:
- It is common knowledge that… ——(主语从句)是一个常识。
- It is my belief that… = I think that… ——我认为…。
- It is self-evident that… —— (主语从句) 是显而易见的。
- It has been found that… ——人们已经发现…
- It is beyond dispute that… —— (主语从句)是毋庸置疑的。
- It is universally acknowledged that… —— 人们普遍认为/众所周知…。
- It has been widely accepted that… —— 人们普遍认为/众所周知…。
- It is generally agreed that… —— 人们普遍认为/众所周知…。
- 不仅仅是在从句作主语的时候,当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)在从句中做主语的时候,也常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it仍只起先行引导词作用,本身无词义。
- 1.It + is + adj./n. + to do sth.
- 例子:
-
- It is a good idea to think in this way.
-
- It is indispensable to train ourselves before any examnination .
-
- It is so kind of him to help his classmates in need.
- 2.It + v. + to do sth.
- 例子:
-
- It look us 3 hours to finish the homework.
-
- It happens to me to come across her on the way home.
- 3.It’s + adj./n. + doing sth.
- 在it作形式主语的句型中,动名词作主语一般用在 no good、waste、useless、no use、dangerous等词后。
- 例子:
-
- It is useless doing that.
-
- it is no good playing games in bed on weekends.
-
- It is dangerous staying with wild animals including tigers and lions.
4.1.2 同位语从句
- 没有人会无缘无故变得优秀,这个事实总是被很多人忽略。
- 同位语——指向一致。
- Nothing can hide the truth that shi is growing old.
- 总结:
- 同位语从句的满分表达就是:
- The evidence/truth that …… manifests/indicates/suggests that…
- ……这个事实证明……
- 例子:
- The evidence that cooperation can make colleagues finish their jobs more quickly and effectively indicates that it is definitely necessary when we face difficulties.
- The truth that pets can accompany old citizens when they are alone manifests/suggests/indicates that raising pets has indeed been a part of quite a few individual’s life.
- 写作文就是要求句型多样化,不要清一色的一种句型
4.2 长难句分析
- 在长难句分析时,我们的任务是能够识别各个名词性从句并正确翻译他们。
4.2.1 如何识别主语从句
- 其实放在句首的从句除了主语从句以外,还有状语从句。
- 比如:
- When you feel sad, keep smiling because you never know who whill love your smile.
- 这句话的句首是When, 明显引导状语从句!让我们高兴的是状语从句和主语从句之间通常有标点——逗号(即状语从句有逗号)
- 下面是判断标准!!:
- 首先,引导词出现在句首,并且和主句的谓语动词(词组)之间没有逗号,那么句首从句就第一是——主语从句。主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词(词组)之前结束。
- 还存在主语从句后置的情况——即 it…that 也通常是主语从句,主语从句从that开始到句末结束。
- 例句:
- That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.
- 引导词That放在句首,并且和主句的谓语动词之间没有逗号,所以句首是主语从句
- It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical.
- 这是主语从句后置的情况,it做形式主语,真正的主语从that开始到句末结束。
- 分析步骤方法:
- 第一步,找主句的谓语。
- 第二步,看句首是否有引导词。
- 第三步,看引导词出现在句首的同时,和主句的谓语动词(词组)之间没有逗号,确定它引导主语从句。
- 第四步,明确主语从句是从引导词 到——主句谓语动词(词组)结束。
4.2.2 如何识别宾语从句
- 宾语一定出现在实义动词/ 词组的后面,所以只要实义动词(词组)的后面有引导词,通常就是宾语从句。
- 例子:
- She said (that) shw would marry an old rich man.
- 宾语从句中的 That 可省略,并且所有的名词性从句中,只有宾语从句中的 That 能省略,但是在正式文体中不能省略。
- I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrence Examination smoothly.
- 宾语从句中的 “是否” 可以改写成 if ,但是 if 只能引导宾语从句,而 whether 可以引导所有的名词性从句,所以建议在表示 “是否” 时永远写成 whether,忘掉 if
- You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法) deduction(演绎法), that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Neture certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skills of their own, they build up their theories.
- 这是个经常见到的语法现象,it作形式宾语,也就是说it指的是后面三个 that 从句。
-it 作形式宾语的用法,也就是宾语从句的后置: - 其结构一般是: 主语 + 谓语 + it + adj./n. + to do/doing/从句。
- 分析步骤方法:
- 第一步,找第一个句子主句的谓语动词、词组
- 第二步,看实义动词后是否跟有引导词
- 第三步,看主句和引导词引导的从句的句子结构。
4.2.3 如何识别表语从句
- 表语从句是——系动词后面有引导词!
- 例句:
- A report consistently brought back by vististors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.
- 谓语是is,is后是由how引导的表语从句
4.2.4 如何识别同位语从句
- 在作文的应用中讲解过,同位语从句用一个从句来解释一个名词(短语), 并且放在名词(短语)的后面,有点像定语从句。
- 暂时认定,名词(短语)后有引导词的句子就是同位语从句
- 例子:
- A century ago,Frued formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.