English Grammar-奋斗的开始-名词和名词性从句

一、名词能作什么成分

例子：

1.The movie is so moving and encouraging.

2.I appreciate his mother.

3.Gump is a real man.

4.I enjoy the part, the warm end.

上面的四句话中，名词分别依次作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。名词也可以做定语，在接下来的定语从句中会继续讨论，但一般而言，名词只作这四种成分。

####同位语

所谓的同位语：是指前后两个名词都指同一个对象，后一个名词一般是进一步解释说明。

在写作中，只要出现名词，都可以试图加另一名词进行解释说明作为它的同位语，但前后一般用逗号或破折号隔开。

举例：
1.English is playing a key role in our communicating with others.
加上同位语效果：
English, a worldwide language, is playing a key role in our communicating with others.

2.A boy writes the name of Beckham on his face.
加上同位语效果：
A boy—a crazy football fan—writes the name of Beckham, quite a well-known superstar, on his face.

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二、什么是名词性从句

1.什么是从句

从句就是：“引导词 + 句子”，即“引导词 + 主语 + 谓语”，其中的引导词就是that,who,whom,where,when,which等。

2.什么是名词性从句

1.What I saw repeatedly is so moving and encouraging.

2.I appreciate what his mother said.

3.Gump is who we should learn from.

4.I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.

如上所述，名词依次作主语，宾语，表语和同位语，而这四句话中，则用从句（引导词+主语+谓语）充当名词本来充当的成分。

所谓的名词性从句就是名词能充当的成分，从句也能充当。分别是：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。

####3.名词性从句的引导词

试译：
1.我爱你是我的错。

I love you is my fault.

I love you 这个完整的句子不能在另一个句子中直接作主语。只有从句才能在另外一个句子充当成分，所以我们需要在句子前面增加一个引导词让它变为从句。

2.你爱我?这显而易见的。

Do you love me is obvious.

显然，这个句子和上一个句子一样出现同样的错误。

3.你爱谁真是一个秘密。

who do you love is really a secret.

Who应该是一个引导词。

三个主句从句的区别：

我爱你 -> 陈述句

你爱我吗？ -> 一般疑问句

你爱谁？ -> 特殊疑问句

所以，名词性从句的引导词可分成三类：

（1） that：当从句是陈述句时。（不作成分）

（2） whether：当从句是一般疑问句时。（不作成分）

（3）特殊疑问词本身：当从句是特殊疑问句时。（作成分）

故正确的写法：

1。That I love you is mu fault.（That无任何意思，也不作成分）

2。Whether you love me is obvious.（Whether意思为“是否”，但不作成分）

3。Who you love is really a secret. （who 作名词性从句中的宾语成分：“谁”）

注意：所有名词性从句中都需要写成陈述句形式： 引导词 + 主语 + 谓语。

练习：

1.我想知道人为什么活着。
I wonder why people live in the world.（宾语从句）

2.外星人存在是否真的很重要。
Whether aliens exist is really vital.（主语从句）

3.我的想法是看完本章后，我们去看电影吧。
My think is that we see the movie after finishing this chapter.（表语从句）

4.她成功地找到了朋友使我很高兴。
That she succeeded in finding friends makes me happy.（主语从句）
当一个从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数，所以make的后面加s.

5.有一天你会发现，事业、亲情都比爱情重要。
Someday, you will find that your career and kinship are important than love itself.（宾语从句）

6.他们为什么离开家乡去西藏是一个谜。
Why they left hometown for Tibet is a mystery.（主语从句）

7.我正在思考我是否应该和女朋友分手。
I am reflecting whether I should separate with my girlfriend.（宾语从句）

8.昨天是一个历史，明天是一个谜，只有今天是一个礼物，这就是为什么它叫作"present"。
Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That is why it is called the present !（宾语从句）

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三、名词性从句的应用

1.写作

（1）主语从句

That she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy.
她成功找到朋友使我很高兴。

That reading is to purify our minds is beyond dispute.
读书的目的是涤荡我们的灵魂，这是毋庸置疑的。

是不是给人头重脚轻的感觉？于是英语中通常把主语从句拉倒句末去，用It作形式主语。

It makes me happy that she succeed in finding a friend.

It is beyond dispute that reading is to purify our minds.

总结
主语从句的满分表达就是It做形式主语：

1）.It is common knowledge that… 　　
XXX是一个常识

2）.It is my belief that… 　　
我认为 XXX = I think that…

3）.It is self-evident that… 　　
XXX是显而易见的。

4）.It has been found that… 　　
人们已经发现。

5）.It is beyond dispute that… 　　
XXX是毋容置疑的。

6）.It is universally acknowledged that… 　　
普遍认为/总所周知…

7）.It has been widely accepted that… 　　
普遍认为/总所周知…

8）.It is generally agreed that… 　　
普遍认为/总所周知…

举例：
It is common knowledge that confidence plays a key role in our success.

It is my belief that pollution has become increasingly serious.

（2）同位语从句

1）没有人会无缘无故比你优秀，这个事实总是会被很多人忽略。

思路分析：显然“没有人会无缘无故地优秀”和“这个事实”是同位语，它们指向一致。在英语中，当一个名词和一个句子是同位语时，应先写名词再写从句。

The truth that nobody can become brilliant without endeavors is ignored by a sea of young men.

也可以把同位语放在句末：

The truth is ignored by a sea of young men that nobody can become brilliant without endeavors.

2）没有什么能够掩盖她正在变老的事实。

思路分析：同样，“她正在变老”和“这个事实”是同位语，应该先写名词再写从句。

Nothing can hide the truth that she is becoming old.

3）很多女生都穿上了漂亮的裙子这个事实表明夏天已经来了。

思路分析：这个句子中有两个从句。第一个是同位语从句，第二个宾语从句。

The evidence that many girls have worn attractive skirts manifests that summer is coming.

总结
同位语从句的满分表达：

The evidence/truth that…manifests/indicates/suggests that…
XXX这个事实表明了XXX

The Evidence that she has a pair of big eyes manifests that she is really a beauty.
她长着一双大眼睛这个事实表明了她是一个美女。

1）.为什么说合作很重要。
The evidence that cooperation can make colleagues finish their jobs more quickly and effectively indicates that is definitely necessary when we face difficulties.

2）为什么说污染越来越严重。
The evidence that fresh air and blue sky fail to be available in cities and towns suggests that pollution has become increasingly serious day by day.

3）为什么很多人愿意养宠物。
The truth that pets can accompany old citizens when they are alone manifests that raising them have indeed been a part of quite a few private individuals.

2.长难句分析

在分析名词性从句的长难句时，我们的任务是能够识别各个名词性从句并正确翻译它们。
　　
（1）如何识别主语从句

问：因为主语在谓语前面，所以只要句首出现引导词都是主语从句？
答：其实放在句首的从句除了主语从句以外，还可能是状语从句。

比如：When you feel sad, still keep smiling because you never know who will love you smile.
这句话的句首是When，明显是状语从句。而状语从句和主句之间有逗号。

那么如何识别主语从句呢？
首先，见到有引导词出现在句首，且和主句的谓语动词之间没有逗号，就一定是主语从句。

其次，有些句子会存在 主语从句后置的情况，若见到it…that.。。通常是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束，但也可能是强调句式。

举例：

1）That the plates are moving is now beyond dispure.

分析：①看到引导词that存在句首。②并且和主句的谓语动词之间无逗号，所以是主语从句。主语从句到主语的谓语动词is前结束。

翻译：板块正在移动是毋庸置疑。

2）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expence of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

分析：①找到主句的谓语depends on。②Whether出现句首，和主句谓语动词无逗号，确定是主语从句。主语从句在often depends 之前结束。从总体来看，主语是Whether…or…并列连接的两部分，谓语是depends on，宾语是the issue，of后全是定语。
翻译：政府应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入，还是以纯科学为代价增加技术的投入，这取决于哪一个被看成驱动力的问题。

3）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

分析：
第一步，①找主句的谓语—depends upon 。②How引导词出现在句首，且和主句的谓语动词无逗号隔开，故确定为主语从句。
第二步，找连词，第一个and是无用的，因为前后两个是名词。第二个and是我们要找的连词。and后的成分是“介词 + 名词 + 定语”，and前通常也应该有三个成分和其对应，发现前面比后面多了个depends,所以，and和on之间省略了depends。
从整体上来看是主谓宾结构，主语是一个从句，谓语是一个depend on，宾语是有and连接的两个并列成分。

翻译：这些预言将被以后的行为在多大程度上得到验证取决于使用信息的总量、可靠性和适应性，并且还取决于信息被解释的技巧和智慧。

4）It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
分析：主句谓语是is agreed。真正的主语是从that开始到句末结束。

5）For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, on examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

分析：谓语动词是has been known,句子整体上是主谓结构。主语从句中有连接yet，所以由yet连接的两个并列句共同作主语。

翻译：例如，长久以来众所周知，完全剥夺睡眠对于老鼠来说是绝对致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常。

6）It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.

分析：从句的called是过去分词作定语，谓语是has,宾语是advantage，句中有一个when引导的时间状语从句。

翻译：长久以来众所周知，当顾客在翻看电话本时，名为AAAA的出租车公司有着超越Zodiac（公司）较大的优势。

7）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

分析：此外，显而易见，国家的经济实力直接与它的农业和工业效益紧密相关，并且反过来这又取决于各类科学家和技术专家的努力。

（2）如何识别宾语从句
宾语一定出现在实义动词的后面，所以只要实义动词的后面有引导词，通常是宾语从句。

1）She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.

分析：宾语从句中的that可以省略，并且所有的名词性从句中，that只能在宾语从句红省略。但在正式文体中不能。

翻译：她说她将要嫁给一个富有的老男人。

2）I wonder if I can pass the examination of postgraduates smoothly.

分析：宾语从句中“是否”可以写成“if”，但if只能引导宾语从句，而whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，建议作文中写成whether，尽量不适用if。

翻译：我希望我可以顺利通过研究生考试。

3）This alone demonstrates that television business is not an easy world to survive in.
A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eighty Europen television networks on less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

分析：主句的谓语动词：demonstrates，句子整体为主谓宾结构。宾语是that引导的从句。宾语从句本身又是主系表结构。后面的句子也是主谓宾。out of 翻译成“在…中”

翻译：这一点就表明了，电视行业不是一个容易生存的行业。由数据支持的事实表明在80个欧洲电视网络中，至少50%在1989亏损。

4）He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observation.

分析：主句谓语动词：believes，显然是主谓宾结构，宾语由that从句充当。连词and thus后面enabling，显然对应前面的forcing，and连接两个并列的句子。

翻译：他相信，这个困难可能具有补偿性的优点：这能使得长时间并专注地思考每一个句子，并因此使得他在自我的观察和推理中探测出错误。

5）You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（归纳法） and deduction（演绎法）, that by the help of these oprations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Natrue certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.

分析：

翻译：

（3）如何识别表语从句

表语从句就是系动词后面有引导词。

1） A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.

分析：谓语动词是系动词is，注意brought是过去分词作定义修饰，is 后面是由how引导的表语从句，句子整体是主系表结构。

去美国的游客所带回的报告是大多数美国人对待他们是多么的友好、客气并且乐于助人。

2）Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

分析：谓语动词是was，that从句充当表语。后面的that是宾语从句。

翻译：伽利略最伟大的成就是，在1609年，他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观察天空，从而证明行星是围绕太阳转而不是地球。

3）The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.

分析：谓语动词is。

翻译：这个观点是，因为他们回顾过去仅想当短的时间，所以他们没有察觉到在海洋中发生了大量的变化。

（4）同位语从句

同位语从句是用来解释一个名词的作用，并且要放在名词后面。
翻译同位语从句时，如果比较简单，则翻译在名词前面（想当于定语修饰）；如果较为复杂，采用后置的方法，用“即”、“那就是” 或 “：” 来独立成句。

1）Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

分析：Being 引导的是状语从句，主句的谓语动词是developed，the idea后面有引导词that，that引导的是同位语从句。

翻译：沃尔夫对语言和兴趣的关系感兴趣，他有一种想法，语言结构决定社会习惯性的思维方式。

2）A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disgusied shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.

分析：formulated 指 “解释，明确表达”；disguised 指 “伪装，假装”。

翻译：一个世纪以前，佛洛伊德阐述了他的理论，即梦是我们无意识的欲望和害怕伪装的影子。

3）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

分析：主句谓语是 rest on，主语是the idea，that 开始到主句谓语动词都是同位语从句。

翻译：但这个观点，即记者必须理解法律比普通公民更超前些，取决于对新媒体已制定传统和特殊职责的理解。

4）Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

分析：谓语动词：came up，看似简单。实际上that出现在动词短语camp up的后面，像宾语从句，但camp up 不需要宾语。Evidence camp up 的意思已经完整，这是同位语从句后置。

翻译：具体说话的声音能被六个月大的婴儿识别，这种证据已经出现。

5）Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

分析：were raised后面无需宾语，即后面不是宾语从句，是同位语从句后置。

翻译：人们担心证人可能会受到鼓励——在法庭上夸大事实以保证法庭对被告作出有罪的判决。

课后练兵

1.成功属于全力以赴的人已为无数个事实所证明。

It has been validated by numerous facts that triumphs belong to those sparing no efforts.

2.问题的关键是谁应该为了道德的沦丧负责呢。

The key of the problem is who should be resposible for the decline of the ethics.

3.河南人都是骗子的这种想法是非常不对的。

This viewpoint that all people in Henan Province is nerver right.

4.显而易见图片中两个残疾人扔掉拐杖后，相互搀扶着往前跑。

It is self-evident that in the vivid caricature, after they abandoned their walking sticks, the two diabled are supporting each other to run forth.

5.我的性格比较内向,不太喜欢与别人交流这个事实表明，这个工作不适合我，所以我要辞职。

The truth that I am relatively introverted and fails to be fond of communicating with other indicates that the job is never what I expected. Therefore, I decide to quit.

6.一些人认为，一个城市应该拆除陈旧的历史建筑，以现代建筑取而代之。

Quite a few citizens are of the opinion that a city should destroy its old historic buildings and replace wtih modern ones.

7.这也是父母与子女的代购越来越深的原因。

This is also the reason why the gap between chirldren and parents is getting greater.

8.尽管孩子可以向父母寻求建议，但最终还是应该由他们自己决定自己学什么方面的知识，以及将来从事什么职业。

Children should decide what kind of knowledge they will matster and which profession they plan to engage in even though they can consult their parents for suggestions.

9.因此，根据我的分析，我强烈反对那些认为老师应该为学生的学习负全责的看法。

Therefore, according to my analysis , I strongly oppose the viewpoint that teachers should be resposible for the learning of students fully.

10.现在最紧迫的问题是父母应该提高警惕了，让孩子多参加有意义的活动，融入到班级中去。

The most urgent problem, at present, is that parents shoube on the alert, asking their kids to take part in more meaningful activiies to become a part of the class.