C++基础语法备忘录

系列文章目录

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前言

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一、模板

模板主要是用于避免函数的重复调用

代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
// 函数模板
// 声明模板
template<typename T>
// 模板内容：函数及变量类型，函数名
T sum(T x, T y)
{
    cout << "The input type is " << typeid(T).name() << endl;
    return x + y;
}

struct Point
{
    int x;
    int y;
};

// Specialization for Point + Point operation
// 特例话，要加<>:专门定义结构体的类型的加法计算
template<>
Point sum<Point>(Point pt1, Point pt2)
{
    cout << "The input type is " << typeid(pt1).name() << endl;
    Point pt;
    pt.x = pt1.x + pt2.x;
    pt.y = pt1.y + pt2.y;
    return pt;
}


int main()
{
    //Explicit instantiated functions
    cout << "sum = " << sum(1, 2) << endl;
    cout << "sum = " << sum(1.1, 2.2) << endl;

    Point pt1 {1, 2};
    Point pt2 {2, 3};
    Point pt = sum(pt1, pt2);
    cout << "pt = (" << pt.x << ", " << pt.y << ")" << endl;
    return 0;
}
// sum = The input type is i
// 3
// sum = The input type is d
// 3.3
// The input type is 5Point
// pt = (3, 5)

2.显示实例化

代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
// T公用数据类型
template<typename T>
T sum(T x, T y)
{
    cout << "The input type is " << typeid(T).name() << endl;
    return x +
     y;
}
// Explicitly instantiate
// 模版显式实例化
template double sum<double>(double, double);
// template double sum<>(double, double);
// template double sum(double, double);

int main()
{
    auto val = sum(4.1, 5.2);
    cout << val << endl;
    return 0;
}

2.隐式实例化

代码如下（示例）：

#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
// T公用数据类型
template<typename T>
T sum(T x, T y)
{
    cout << "The input type is " << typeid(T).name() << endl;
    return x +
     y;
}
// Explicitly instantiate
// 模版显式实例化
template double sum<double>(double, double);
// template double sum<>(double, double);
// template double sum(double, double);

int main()
{
    auto val = sum(4.1, 5.2);
    cout << val << endl;
    return 0;
}

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总结

代码参考