结构型模式-装饰(decorator)

装饰

动态地给一个对象添加一些额外的职责。就增加功能来说， Decorator模式相比生成子类更为灵活。

实例

main.cc:

#include "Headband_decorator.h"
#include "cuff_decorator.h"
#include "cool_runner.h"
#include <windows.h>

/*
design_pattern:"decorate"
When running, everyone will bring some of the effects of the equipment, such as headband, cuff...
*/
int main(){
    Runner *runner = new CoolRunner();
    Runner *cuff_decorator = new CuffDecorator(runner);
    Runner *headband_decorator = new HeadbandDecorator(cuff_decorator);
    headband_decorator->Show();
    system("Pause");
    return 0;
}

Runner:

//runner.h
#ifndef HELENDP_SOURCE_RUNNER_H_
#define HELENDP_SOURCE_RUNNER_H_

class Runner{
public:
    Runner();
    virtual ~Runner();

    virtual void Show();
};
#endif


//runner.cc
#include "runner.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Runner::Runner(){

}

Runner::~Runner(){

}

void Runner::Show(){
    cout << "Runner::Show" << endl;
}

CoolRunner:

//cool_runner.h
#ifndef HELENDP_SOURCE_COOL_RUNNER_H_
#define HELENDP_SOURCE_COOL_RUNNER_H_
#include "runner.h"

class CoolRunner : public Runner{
public:
    CoolRunner();
    ~CoolRunner();

    void Show();
};
#endif


//cool_runner.cc
#include "cool_runner.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

CoolRunner::CoolRunner(){

}

CoolRunner::~CoolRunner(){

}

void CoolRunner::Show(){
    cout << "CoolRunner::Show:" << endl;
}

Decorator:

//decorator.h
#ifndef HELENDP_SOURCE_DECORATOR_H_
#define HELENDP_SOURCE_DECORATOR_H_
#include "runner.h"

class Decorator : public Runner{
public:
    Decorator(Runner *runner);
    ~Decorator();
    void Show();
private:
    Runner *runner_;
};
#endif


//decorator.cc
#include "decorator.h"

Decorator::Decorator(Runner * runner){
    runner_ = runner;
}

Decorator::~Decorator(){

}

void Decorator::Show(){
    runner_->Show();
}

CuffDecorator:

//cuff_decorator.h
#ifndef HELENDP_SOURCE_CUFF_DECORATOR_H_
#define HELENDP_SOURCE_CUFF_DECORATOR_H_
#include "decorator.h"

class CuffDecorator : public Decorator{
public:
    CuffDecorator(Runner *runner);
    ~CuffDecorator();
    void Show();
private:
    void CuffShow();
};
#endif


//cuff_decorator.cc
#include "cuff_decorator.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

CuffDecorator::CuffDecorator(Runner * runner) : Decorator(runner){

}

CuffDecorator::~CuffDecorator(){

}

void CuffDecorator::CuffShow(){
    cout << "I have cuff!" << endl;
}

void CuffDecorator::Show(){
    Decorator::Show();
    CuffShow();
}

HeadbandDecorator:

//headband_decorator.h
#ifndef HELENDP_SOURCE_HEADBAND_DECORATOR_H_
#define HELENDP_SOURCE_HEADBAND_DECORATOR_H_
#include "decorator.h"

class HeadbandDecorator : public Decorator{
public:
    HeadbandDecorator(Runner *runner);
    ~HeadbandDecorator();
    void Show();
private:
    void HeadbandShow();
};
#endif


//headband_decorator.cc
#include "headband_decorator.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

HeadbandDecorator::HeadbandDecorator(Runner * runner) : Decorator(runner){

}

HeadbandDecorator::~HeadbandDecorator(){

}

void HeadbandDecorator::HeadbandShow(){
    cout << "I have headband!" << endl;
}

void HeadbandDecorator::Show(){
    Decorator::Show();
    HeadbandShow();
}

代码和UML图(EA)工程文件,最后会整理打包上传.

UML类图

结构

• Component(Runner):对象接口.
• ConcreteComponent(CoolRunner):具体对象,可以给这个对象添加一些职责.
• Decorator(Decorator):装饰类.
• ConcreteDecorator(CuffDecorator,HeadbandDecorator):向ConcreteComponent具体添加的职责.

优点

• 装饰模式与继承关系的目的都是要扩展对象的功能，但是装饰模式可以提供比继承更多的灵活性.
• 可以通过一种动态的方式来扩展一个对象的功能，通过配置文件可以在运行时选择不同的装饰器，从而实现不同的行为.
• 通过使用不同的具体装饰类以及这些装饰类的排列组合，可以创造出很多不同行为的组合。可以使用多个具体装饰类来装饰同一对象，得到功能更为强大的对象.
• 具体构件类与具体装饰类可以独立变化，用户可以根据需要增加新的具体构件类和具体装饰类，在使用时再对其进行组合，原有代码无须改变，符合“开闭原则”.

缺点

• 使用装饰模式进行系统设计时将产生很多小对象，这些对象的区别在于它们之间相互连接的方式有所不同，而不是它们的类或者属性值有所不同，同时还将产生很多具体装饰类。这些装饰类和小对象的产生将增加系统的复杂度，加大学习与理解的难度.
• 这种比继承更加灵活机动的特性，也同时意味着装饰模式比继承更加易于出错，排错也很困难，对于多次装饰的对象，调试时寻找错误可能需要逐级排查，较为烦琐.