简约而不简单|值得收藏的Numpy小抄表(含主要语法、代码)

Numpy是一个用python实现的科学计算的扩展程序库,包括:

  • 1、一个强大的N维数组对象Array;

  • 2、比较成熟的(广播)函数库;

  • 3、用于整合C/C++和Fortran代码的工具包;

  • 4、实用的线性代数、傅里叶变换和随机数生成函数。numpy和稀疏矩阵运算包scipy配合使用更加方便。

NumPy(Numeric Python)提供了许多高级的数值编程工具,如:矩阵数据类型、矢量处理,以及精密的运算库。专为进行严格的数字处理而产生。多为很多大型金融公司使用,以及核心的科学计算组织如:Lawrence Livermore,NASA用其处理一些本来使用C++,Fortran或Matlab等所做的任务。

本文整理了一个Numpy的小抄表,总结了Numpy的常用操作,可以收藏慢慢看。

安装Numpy

可以通过 Pip 或者 Anaconda安装Numpy:

$ pip install numpy

$ conda install numpy

本文目录

  1. 基础

  • 占位符

  • 数组

    • 增加或减少元素

    • 合并数组

    • 分割数组

    • 数组形状变化

    • 拷贝 /排序

    • 数组操作

    • 其他

  • 数学计算

    • 数学计算

    • 比较

    • 基础统计

    • 更多

  • 切片和子集

  • 小技巧

  • 基础

    NumPy最常用的功能之一就是NumPy数组:列表和NumPy数组的最主要区别在于功能性和速度。

    列表提供基本操作,但NumPy添加了FTTs、卷积、快速搜索、基本统计、线性代数、直方图等。

    两者数据科学最重要的区别是能够用NumPy数组进行元素级计算。

    axis 0 通常指行

    axis 1 通常指列

    操作描述文档
    np.array([1,2,3])一维数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.array.html#numpy.array
    np.array([(1,2,3),(4,5,6)])二维数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.array.html#numpy.array
    np.arange(start,stop,step)等差数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html

    占位符

    操作描述文档
    np.linspace(0,2,9)数组中添加等差的值https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.linspace.html
    np.zeros((1,2))创建全0数组docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.zeros.html
    np.ones((1,2))创建全1数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ones.html#numpy.ones
    np.random.random((5,5))创建随机数的数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.random.random.html
    np.empty((2,2))创建空数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.empty.html

    举例:
    import numpy as np
    
    
    # 1 dimensional
    x = np.array([1,2,3])
    # 2 dimensional
    y = np.array([(1,2,3),(4,5,6)])
    
    
    x = np.arange(3)
    >>> array([0, 1, 2])
    
    
    y = np.arange(3.0)
    >>> array([ 0.,  1.,  2.])
    
    
    x = np.arange(3,7)
    >>> array([3, 4, 5, 6])
    
    
    y = np.arange(3,7,2)
    >>> array([3, 5])
    

    数组属性

    数组属性

    语法描述文档
    array.shape维度(行,列)https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.shape.html
    len(array)数组长度https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/functions.html#len
    array.ndim数组的维度数https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.ndim.html
    array.size数组的元素数https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.size.html
    array.dtype数据类型https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/arrays.dtypes.html
    array.astype(type)转换数组类型https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.astype.html
    type(array)显示数组类型https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.types.html

    拷贝 /排序

    操作描述文档
    np.copy(array)创建数组拷贝https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.copy.html
    other = array.copy()创建数组深拷贝https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.copy.html
    array.sort()排序一个数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.sort.html
    array.sort(axis=0)按照指定轴排序一个数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.sort.html

    举例
    import numpy as np
    # Sort sorts in ascending order
    y = np.array([10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
    y.sort()
    print(y)
    >>> [ 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10]
    

    数组操作例程

    增加或减少元素

    操作描述文档
    np.append(a,b)增加数据项到数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.append.html
    np.insert(array, 1, 2, axis)沿着数组0轴或者1轴插入数据项https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.insert.html
    np.resize((2,4))将数组调整为形状(2,4)https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.resize.html
    np.delete(array,1,axis)从数组里删除数据项https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.delete.html

    举例
    import numpy as np
    # Append items to array
    a = np.array([(1, 2, 3),(4, 5, 6)])
    b = np.append(a, [(7, 8, 9)])
    print(b)
    >>> [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
    
    
    # Remove index 2 from previous array
    print(np.delete(b, 2))
    >>> [1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9]
    

    组合数组

    操作描述文档
    np.concatenate((a,b),axis=0)连接2个数组,添加到末尾https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.concatenate.html
    np.vstack((a,b))按照行堆叠数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.vstack.html
    np.hstack((a,b))按照列堆叠数组docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.hstack.html#numpy.hstack

    举例
    import numpy as np
    a = np.array([1, 3, 5])
    b = np.array([2, 4, 6])
    
    
    # Stack two arrays row-wise
    print(np.vstack((a,b)))
    >>> [[1 3 5]
         [2 4 6]]
    
    
    # Stack two arrays column-wise
    print(np.hstack((a,b)))
    >>> [1 3 5 2 4 6]
    

    分割数组

    操作描述文档
    numpy.split()分割数组
    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.split.html
    np.array_split(array, 3)将数组拆分为大小(几乎)相同的子数组https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.array_split.html#numpy.array_split
    numpy.hsplit(array, 3)在第3个索引处水平拆分数组
    https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.hsplit.html#numpy.hsplit

    举例
    # Split array into groups of ~3
    a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
    print(np.array_split(a, 3))
    >>> [array([1, 2, 3]), array([4, 5, 6]), array([7, 8])]
    

    数组形状变化

    操作

    操作描述文档
    other = ndarray.flatten()平铺一个二维数组到一维数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flatten.html
    numpy.flip()翻转一维数组中元素的顺序https://docs.scipy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.flip.html
    np.ndarray[::-1]翻转一维数组中元素的顺序
    reshape改变数组的维数https://docs.scipy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.reshape.html
    squeeze从数组的形状中删除单维度条目https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.squeeze.html
    expand_dims扩展数组维度
    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.expand_dims.html

    其他

    操作描述文档
    other = ndarray.flatten()平铺2维数组到1维数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.flatten.html
    array = np.transpose(other)
    array.T
    数组转置https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.transpose.html
    inverse = np.linalg.inv(matrix)求矩阵的逆矩阵https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.linalg.inv.html


    举例
    # Find inverse of a given matrix
    >>> np.linalg.inv([[3,1],[2,4]])
    array([[ 0.4, -0.1],
           [-0.2,  0.3]])
    

    数学计算

    操作

    操作描述文档
    np.add(x,y)
    x + y
    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.add.html
    np.substract(x,y)
    x - y
    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.subtract.html#numpy.subtract
    np.divide(x,y)
    x / y
    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.divide.html#numpy.divide
    np.multiply(x,y)
    x * y
    https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.multiply.html#numpy.multiply
    np.sqrt(x)平方根https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.sqrt.html#numpy.sqrt
    np.sin(x)元素正弦https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.sin.html#numpy.sin
    np.cos(x)元素余弦https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.cos.html#numpy.cos
    np.log(x)元素自然对数https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.log.html#numpy.log
    np.dot(x,y)点积https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.dot.html
    np.roots([1,0,-4])给定多项式系数的根https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.roots.html

    举例

    # If a 1d array is added to a 2d array (or the other way), NumPy
    # chooses the array with smaller dimension and adds it to the one
    # with bigger dimension
    a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
    b = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)])
    print(np.add(a, b))
    >>> [[2 4 6]
         [5 7 9]]
         
    # Example of np.roots
    # Consider a polynomial function (x-1)^2 = x^2 - 2*x + 1
    # Whose roots are 1,1
    >>> np.roots([1,-2,1])
    array([1., 1.])
    # Similarly x^2 - 4 = 0 has roots as x=±2
    >>> np.roots([1,0,-4])
    array([-2.,  2.])
    

    比较

    操作描述文档
    ==等于https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html
    !=不等于
    https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html
    <小于https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html
    >大于https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html
    <=小于等于https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html
    >=大于等于https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html
    np.array_equal(x,y)数组比较https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.array_equal.html

    举例:
    # Using comparison operators will create boolean NumPy arrays
    z = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
    c = z < 6
    print(c)
    >>> [ True  True  True  True  True False False False False False]
    

    基本的统计

    操作描述文档
    np.mean(array)Meanhttps://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.mean.html#numpy.mean
    np.median(array)Medianhttps://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.median.html#numpy.median
    array.corrcoef()Correlation Coefficienthttps://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.corrcoef.html#numpy.corrcoef
    np.std(array)Standard Deviationhttps://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.std.html#numpy.std

    举例
    # Statistics of an array
    a = np.array([1, 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12])
    
    
    # Standard deviation
    print(np.std(a))
    >>> 4.2938910093294167
    
    
    # Median
    print(np.median(a))
    >>> 6.5
    

    更多

    操作描述文档
    array.sum()数组求和https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.sum.html
    array.min()数组求最小值https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.min.html
    array.max(axis=0)数组求最大值(沿着0轴)
    array.cumsum(axis=0)指定轴求累计和https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.cumsum.html


    切片和子集

    操作描述文档
    array[i]索引i处的一维数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    array[i,j]索引在[i][j]处的二维数组https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    array[i<4]布尔索引https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    array[0:3]选择索引为 0, 1和 2https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    array[0:2,1]选择第0,1行,第1列https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    array[:1]选择第0行数据项 (与[0:1, :]相同)https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    array[1:2, :]选择第1行https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/arrays.indexing.html
    [comment]: <> "array[1,...]等同于 array[1,:,:]
    array[ : :-1]反转数组同上

    举例
    b = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)])
    
    
    # The index *before* the comma refers to *rows*,
    # the index *after* the comma refers to *columns*
    print(b[0:1, 2])
    >>> [3]
    
    
    print(b[:len(b), 2])
    >>> [3 6]
    
    
    print(b[0, :])
    >>> [1 2 3]
    
    
    print(b[0, 2:])
    >>> [3]
    
    
    print(b[:, 0])
    >>> [1 4]
    
    
    c = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)])
    d = c[1:2, 0:2]
    print(d)
    >>> [[4 5]]
    
    
    
    切片举例
    import numpy as np
    a1 = np.arange(0, 6)
    a2 = np.arange(10, 16)
    a3 = np.arange(20, 26)
    a4 = np.arange(30, 36)
    a5 = np.arange(40, 46)
    a6 = np.arange(50, 56)
    a = np.vstack((a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6))
    

    生成矩阵和切片图示

    小技巧

    例子将会越来越多的,欢迎大家提交。

    布尔索引 

    # Index trick when working with two np-arrays
    a = np.array([1,2,3,6,1,4,1])
    b = np.array([5,6,7,8,3,1,2])
    
    
    # Only saves a at index where b == 1
    other_a = a[b == 1]
    #Saves every spot in a except at index where b != 1
    other_other_a = a[b != 1]
    
    import numpy as np
    x = np.array([4,6,8,1,2,6,9])
    y = x > 5
    print(x[y])
    >>> [6 8 6 9]
    
    
    # Even shorter
    x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 35, 212, 5, 5, 6])
    print(x[x < 5])
    >>> [1 2 3 4 4]
    
    
    
    【参考】

    https://github.com/juliangaal/python-cheat-sheet

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