C++ 11 列表按字段初始化对象

1 概述

C++ 11初始化有多种方式，这里只说明列表初始化并且按照字段是初始化。

2 实例1

include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
// 定义一个结构体
struct GainIndex {
    int rx1Index;
    int rx2Index;
	int rx1MaxIndex;
	int rx2MaxIndex;
	int rx1MinIndex;
	int rx2MinIndex;
};
 
int main() {
    // 使用列表初始化来指定字段初始化
    GainIndex gainIndex = { 
		.rx1Index = 64, 
		.rx2Index = 60, 
		.rx1MaxIndex = 127,
		.rx2MaxIndex = 127,
		.rx1MinIndex = 0,
		.rx2MinIndex = 0
	};
 
    std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1Index    = " << gainIndex.rx1Index << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2Index    = " << gainIndex.rx2Index << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex = " << gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex = " << gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1MinIndex = " << gainIndex.rx1MinIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2MinIndex = " << gainIndex.rx2MinIndex << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

运行:

gainIndex.rx1Index    = 64
gainIndex.rx2Index    = 60
gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex = 127
gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex = 127
gainIndex.rx1MinIndex = 0
gainIndex.rx2MinIndex = 0

3 实例2

上面实例代码很直观，但实际上rx1MaxIndex，rx2MaxIndex，rx1MinIndex和rx2MinIndex这四个变量值不常修改，如果在初始中省略将会简化初始列表。
修改代码如下:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
// 定义一个结构体
struct GainIndex {
	GainIndex()
	: rx1MaxIndex(127)
	, rx2MaxIndex(127)
	, rx1MinIndex(0)
	, rx2MinIndex(0)
	{}
	
    int rx1Index;
    int rx2Index;
	int rx1MaxIndex;
	int rx2MaxIndex;
	int rx1MinIndex;
	int rx2MinIndex;
};
 
int main() {
    // 使用列表初始化来指定字段初始化
    GainIndex gainIndex = { 
		.rx1Index = 64, 
		.rx2Index = 60
	};
 
    std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1Index    = " << gainIndex.rx1Index << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2Index    = " << gainIndex.rx2Index << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex = " << gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex = " << gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1MinIndex = " << gainIndex.rx1MinIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2MinIndex = " << gainIndex.rx2MinIndex << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

编译：

$ g++ -std=c++98 init1.cpp -o init1
init1.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
init1.cpp:23:15: error: in C++98 ‘gainIndex’ must be initialized by constructor, not by ‘{...}’
   23 |     GainIndex gainIndex = {
      |               ^~~~~~~~~
init1.cpp:26:2: error: could not convert ‘{64, 60}’ from ‘<brace-enclosed initializer list>’ to ‘GainIndex’
   26 |  };
      |  ^
      |  |
      |  <brace-enclosed initializer list>

看来有有了构造函数后，就没法使用{}方式初始化对象了。

使用C++11标准编译：

$ g++ -std=c++11 init1.cpp -o init1
init1.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
init1.cpp:26:2: error: could not convert ‘{64, 60}’ from ‘<brace-enclosed initializer list>’ to ‘GainIndex’
   26 |  };
      |  ^
      |  |
      |  <brace-enclosed initializer list>

看来C++ 11也不可以。
修改代码如下:

struct GainIndex {
    int rx1Index = 0;
    int rx2Index = 0;
	int rx1MaxIndex = 127;
	int rx2MaxIndex = 127;
	int rx1MinIndex = 0;
	int rx2MinIndex = 0;
};
int main() {
    // 使用列表初始化来指定字段初始化
    GainIndex gainIndex = { 
		.rx1Index = 64, 
		.rx2Index = 60
	};
 
    std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1Index    = " << gainIndex.rx1Index << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2Index    = " << gainIndex.rx2Index << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex = " << gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex = " << gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx1MinIndex = " << gainIndex.rx1MinIndex << std::endl;
	std::cout << "gainIndex.rx2MinIndex = " << gainIndex.rx2MinIndex << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

编译通过，运行结果：

gainIndex.rx1Index    = 64
gainIndex.rx2Index    = 60
gainIndex.rx1MaxIndex = 127
gainIndex.rx2MaxIndex = 127
gainIndex.rx1MinIndex = 0
gainIndex.rx2MinIndex = 0

4 总结

C++要想使用{}按字段初始化对象，对象不能有构造函数。