人工智能教程 - 数学基础课程1.2 - 数学分析（二）2.点积应用,行列式,叉积

行列式和叉积

点积应用

3)向量A沿着某单位向量u的分量(components of $\overrightarrow{A}$along a direction $\hat{u}$)

component of A along $\hat{u}$ = $|\overrightarrow{A}|$cos($\Theta$)

=$|\overrightarrow{A}||\hat{u}|.cos\Theta$
=$\overrightarrow{A}.\hat{u}$

4)物理

F沿切向方向的分量使摆来回摆动

• component of F along the target direction $\hat{T}$ is what causes the pendulum to swing
• component of $\hat{N}$

Ex:Area?

Easier:area of triangle

we could find $cos\Theta$,the solve $si{n}^{2}s\Theta +co{s}^2\Theta =1$

more easier:行列式(determinants)

${\overrightarrow{A}}^{\prime }=\overrightarrow{A}$ rotated $90^o$

${\Theta }^{\prime }=\frac{\pi }{2}-\Theta$

$cos({\Theta }^{\prime })=sin(\Theta )$

$|\overrightarrow{A}|.|\overrightarrow{B}|.sin\Theta$
$=|{\overrightarrow{A}}^{\prime }|.|\overrightarrow{B}|.cos({\Theta }^{\prime })$
$={\overrightarrow{A}}^{\prime }.\overrightarrow{B}$

$\overrightarrow{A}=<a_1,a_2>$
${\overrightarrow{A}}^{\prime }=<-a_2,a_1>$

${\overrightarrow{A}}^{\prime }.\overrightarrow{B}=<-a_2,a_1>.<b_1,b_2>$
$=a_1.b_2-a_2.b_1$
$=det(\overrightarrow{A},\overrightarrow{B})$
$=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{a}_1& a_2\\ b_1& b_2\end{array}\right|$

So,determinant of $\overrightarrow{A}$ and $\overrightarrow{B}$ = area

空间中的行列式(Determinant in space)

3 vectors $\overrightarrow{A},\overrightarrow{B},\overrightarrow{C}$:
$det(\overrightarrow{A},\overrightarrow{B},\overrightarrow{C})=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{a}_1& a_2& a_3\\ b_1& b_2& b_3\\ c_1& c_2& c_3\end{array}\right|$
$=a_1\left|\begin{array}{cc}{b}_2& b_3\\ c_2& c_3\end{array}\right|-a_2\left|\begin{array}{cc}{b}_1& b_3\\ c_1& c_3\end{array}\right|+a_3\left|\begin{array}{cc}{b}_1& b_2\\ c_1& c_2\end{array}\right|$

note:竖线里(insides verticals bars)

定理(Theorem)

几何学上(Geometrically)，$det(\overrightarrow{A},\overrightarrow{B},\overrightarrow{C})=\pm$ 正负平行六面体的面积(volume of the parallelepiped)
)

叉积(cross product)

of 2 vectors in 3-space

def:$\overrightarrow{A}$X$\overrightarrow{B}$= is a vector,not dot product

$\overrightarrow{A}$X$\overrightarrow{B}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}\hat{i}& \hat{j}& \hat{k}\\ a_1& a_2& a_3\\ b_1& b_2& b_3\end{array}\right|$

$=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{a}_2& a_3\\ b_2& b_3\end{array}\right|\hat{i}-\left|\begin{array}{cc}{a}_1& a_3\\ b_1& b_3\end{array}\right|\hat{j}+\left|\begin{array}{cc}{a}_1& a_2\\ b_1& b_2\end{array}\right|\hat{k}$

Theorem:

• $|\overrightarrow{A}$X$\overrightarrow{B}|$=area of parallelogram

叉积的模长(length)

• dir($\overrightarrow{A}$X$\overrightarrow{B})\perp$to plane of a parallelogram（垂直于平行四边形所在的平面）

)

使用右手定则判断垂直的方向(with right-hand rule)

• right hand points parallel to vector A (//$\overrightarrow{A}$)
• Fingers point //$\overrightarrow{B}$
• thumb points //$\overrightarrow{A}$X$\overrightarrow{B}$

Another look at volume
)
Volume = area(base) X height
=$|\overrightarrow{B}$X$\overrightarrow{C}|$.($|\overrightarrow{A}$.$\hat{n}$)

$det(\overrightarrow{A},\overrightarrow{B},\overrightarrow{C})=\overrightarrow{A}.(\overrightarrow{B}$ X $\overrightarrow{C})$

$=a_1\left|\begin{array}{cc}{b}_2& b_3\\ c_2& c_3\end{array}\right|-a_2\left|\begin{array}{cc}{b}_1& b_3\\ c_1& c_3\end{array}\right|+a_3\left|\begin{array}{cc}{b}_1& b_2\\ c_1& c_2\end{array}\right|$