行列式
按照一定的规则,由排成正方形的一组数的乘积形成的代数和,称为n阶行列式
。
二阶行式记为 ∣ a b c d ∣ \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} ∣∣∣∣acbd∣∣∣∣,它的展开式为 a d − b c ad - bc ad−bc;三阶行列式记为 ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 31 a 32 a 33 ∣ \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix} ∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣,它的展开式为 a 11 a 22 a 33 + a 12 a 23 a 31 + a 13 a 21 a 32 − a 11 a 23 a 32 − a 12 a 21 a 33 − a 13 a 22 a 31 a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{23}a_{31} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{11}a_{23}a_{32} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{22}a_{31} a11a22a33+a12a23a31+a13a21a32−a11a23a32−a12a21a33−a13a22a31。
n阶行列式
记作 ∣ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ a n 1 a n 2 ⋯ a n n ∣ \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{vmatrix} ∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21⋮an1a12a22⋮an2⋯⋯⋯a1na2n⋮ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣,简记作 d e t ( a i j ) det(a_{ij}) det(a