前言
调和方程的基本解以及边界元方法中某积分的解析结果。
调和方程
设
u
(
x
1
,
.
.
.
,
x
n
)
=
f
(
r
)
u(x_1, ..., x_n) = f(r)
u(x1,...,xn)=f(r) (其中
r
=
x
1
2
+
.
.
.
+
x
n
2
r = \sqrt{x_1^2 + ... + x_n^2}
r=x12+...+xn2 )是
n
n
n 维调和函数 (即满足方程
∂
2
u
∂
x
1
2
+
.
.
.
,
+
∂
2
u
∂
x
n
2
=
0
\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial{x_1^2}} + ..., + \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial{x_n^2}} = 0
∂x12∂2u+...,+∂xn2∂2u=0),证明如下等式成立
f
(
r
)
=
c
1
+
c
2
r
n
−
2
(
n
≠
2
)
f(r) = c_1 + \frac{c_2}{r^{n-2}} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (n \neq 2)
f(r)=c1+rn−2c2 (n=2)
f
(
r
)
=
c
1
+
c
2
l
n
1
r
(
n
=
2
)
f(r) = c_1 + c_2ln\frac{1}{r} \ \ \ \ \ \ (n = 2)
f(r)=c1+c2lnr1 (n=2)
其中
c
1
,
c
2
c_1, c_2
c1,c2 为任意常数。
证明:
u
=
f
(
r
)
,
∂
u
∂
x
i
=
f
′
(
r
)
⋅
∂
r
∂
x
i
=
f
′
(
r
)
⋅
x
i
r
u = f(r), \ \ \ \frac{\partial{u}}{\partial{x_i}} = f^{'}(r) \cdot \frac{\partial r}{\partial x_i} = f^{'}(r) \cdot \frac{x_i}{r}
u=f(r), ∂xi∂u=f′(r)⋅∂xi∂r=f′(r)⋅rxi
∂ 2 u ∂ x i 2 = f ′ ′ ( r ) ⋅ x i 2 r 2 + f ′ ( r ) ⋅ 1 r − f ′ ( r ) ⋅ x i 2 r 3 \frac{\partial^2{u}}{\partial{x^2_i}} = f^{''}(r) \cdot \frac{x^2_i}{r^2} + f^{'}(r) \cdot \frac{1}{r} - f^{'}(r) \cdot \frac{x^2_i}{r^3} ∂xi2∂2u=f′′(r)⋅r2xi2+f′(r)⋅r1−f′(r)⋅r3xi2
∑
i
=
1
n
∂
2
u
∂
x
i
2
=
f
′
′
(
r
)
⋅
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
r
2
+
f
′
(
r
)
⋅
n
r
−
f
′
(
r
)
⋅
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
r
3
=
f
′
′
(
r
)
+
n
−
1
r
f
′
(
r
)
\sum^{n}_{i = 1} \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial{x^2_i}} = f^{''}(r) \cdot \frac{\sum^{n}_{i = 1}{x^2_i}}{r^2} + f^{'}(r) \cdot \frac{n}{r} - f^{'}(r) \cdot \frac{\sum^{n}_{i = 1}{x^2_i}}{r^3} = f^{''}(r) + \frac{n-1}{r} f^{'}(r)
i=1∑n∂xi2∂2u=f′′(r)⋅r2∑i=1nxi2+f′(r)⋅rn−f′(r)⋅r3∑i=1nxi2=f′′(r)+rn−1f′(r)
即方程
Δ
u
=
0
\Delta u = 0
Δu=0 化为
f
′
′
(
r
)
+
n
−
1
r
f
′
(
r
)
=
0
f^{''}(r) + \frac{n-1}{r} f^{'}(r) = 0
f′′(r)+rn−1f′(r)=0
f ′ ′ ( r ) f ′ ( r ) = − n − 1 r ( 1 ) \frac{f^{''}(r)}{f^{'}(r)} = -\frac{n-1}{r} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (1) f′(r)f′′(r)=−rn−1 (1)
所以
f ′ ( r ) = A 1 r − ( n − 1 ) ( 2 ) f^{'}(r) = A_1r^{-(n-1)} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2) f′(r)=A1r−(n−1) (2)
若 n ≠ 2 n \neq 2 n=2,积分得
f ( r ) = A 1 − n + 2 r − n + 2 + c 1 f(r) = \frac{A_1}{-n+2} r^{-n+2} + c_1 f(r)=−n+2A1r−n+2+c1
即 n ≠ 2 n \neq 2 n=2, 则 f ( r ) = c 1 + c 2 r n − 2 f(r) = c_1 + \frac{c_2}{r^{n-2}} f(r)=c1+rn−2c2
若 n = 2 n = 2 n=2,则 f ′ ( r ) = A 1 r f^{'}(r) = \frac{A_1}{r} f′(r)=rA1 故 f ( r ) = c 1 + A 1 l n r f(r) = c_1 + A_1lnr f(r)=c1+A1lnr
即 n = 2 n = 2 n=2,则 f ( r ) = c 1 + c 2 l n 1 r f(r) = c_1 + c_2ln\frac{1}{r} f(r)=c1+c2lnr1
上面的证明中 (1) 到 (2) 的推导如下:
可令
z
=
f
′
(
r
)
z = f^{'}(r)
z=f′(r), 则等式 (1) 变成
z
′
z
=
−
n
−
1
r
\frac{z^{'}}{z} = -\frac{n-1}{r}
zz′=−rn−1
下面就类似求常微分方程
d
y
d
x
=
P
(
x
)
y
\frac{dy}{dx} = P(x)y
dxdy=P(x)y 的通解。
变量分离法:
d
y
y
=
P
(
x
)
d
x
\frac{dy}{y} = P(x) dx
ydy=P(x)dx
两边积分,即得
l
n
∣
y
∣
=
∫
P
(
x
)
d
x
+
c
1
ln \left | y \right | = \int P(x) dx + c_1
ln∣y∣=∫P(x)dx+c1
这里
c
1
c_1
c1 是任意常数,由对数定义,即有
∣
y
∣
=
e
∫
P
(
x
)
d
x
+
c
1
\left | y \right | = e^{\int P(x)dx + c_1}
∣y∣=e∫P(x)dx+c1
即
y
=
±
e
c
1
⋅
e
∫
P
(
x
)
d
x
y = \pm e^{c_1} \cdot e^{\int P(x)dx}
y=±ec1⋅e∫P(x)dx
令
±
e
c
1
=
c
\pm e^{c_1} = c
±ec1=c 得到
y
=
c
e
∫
P
(
x
)
d
x
y = ce^{\int P(x)dx}
y=ce∫P(x)dx
边界元方法的基本知识
二维空间的拉普拉斯方程的基本解为
u s ∗ ( r ) = − 1 2 π l n r u^*_s(r) = -\frac{1}{2\pi}lnr us∗(r)=−2π1lnr
q s ∗ ( r ) = ∂ u s ∗ ∂ n ⃗ = − ( r ⃗ , n ⃗ ) 2 π r 2 q^*_s(r) = \frac{\partial u^{*}_s}{\partial {\vec{n}}} = -\frac{(\vec{r}, \vec{n})}{2\pi r^2} qs∗(r)=∂n∂us∗=−2πr2(r,n)
三维空间的拉普拉斯方程的基本解为
u s ∗ ( r ) = 1 4 π r u^*_s(r) = \frac{1}{4\pi r} us∗(r)=4πr1
q s ∗ ( r ) = ∂ u s ∗ ∂ n ⃗ = − ( r ⃗ , n ⃗ ) 4 π r 3 q^*_s(r) = \frac{\partial u^{*}_s}{\partial {\vec{n}}} = -\frac{(\vec{r}, \vec{n})}{4\pi r^3} qs∗(r)=∂n∂us∗=−4πr3(r,n)
积分计算
如下图所示计算积分
I = ∫ L r ⃗ ⋅ n ⃗ r 2 d l I = \int_{L} \frac{\vec{r} \cdot \vec{n}}{r^2} dl I=∫Lr2r⋅ndl
其中 r ⃗ = ( x , y ) , L = A B ‾ \vec{r} = (x, y), \ \ \ \ \ L= \overline{AB} r=(x,y), L=AB
经计算可得
I
=
β
,
其
中
β
为
线
段
O
A
与
线
段
O
B
的
夹
角
的
弧
度
值
I = \beta, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 其中 \beta 为 线段OA 与线段 OB的夹角的弧度值
I=β, 其中β为线段OA与线段OB的夹角的弧度值
注:可用如下网址验证 Integral Calculator