工程师 - 真空管中为什么不能有空气

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真空管内不能有空气的主要原因是为了确保电子的高效流动和防止对管内元件的损害。在真空管中，如空气存在，电子在运行过程中会与空气分子碰撞产生阻力，从而降低电子运动的效率并影响管子的性能。这些碰撞不仅会导致真空管的输出功率下降，还会引发一系列不期望的效应，包括发红光和蓝光，以及二次电子反射噪音，这些都会对真空管的正常工作产生干扰。

真空环境的必要性

为了维持真空管的功能，管内通常包含被称为“除气剂”的物质，用来吸收残留的气体分子。除气剂通常由活泼金属合金制成，通过加热使其吸收气体，从而保持管内的高真空状态。这一真空状态对于真空管的运行尤为重要，因为它减少了气体分子与电子之间的相互作用，保证电子能够在无阻碍的情况下从阴极发射到阳极。

对真空管性能的影响

真空条件不仅能提高电子流动的效率，还能防止空气分子在电子加速过程中激发至激发态而发出红光。同样，真空管的玻璃壁若出现破损或漏气，会导致除气剂失效，从而降解管子的性能乃至使其无法正常工作。确保真空状态有助于维持真空管的高效能，避免由空气引起的电性能衰退和相关问题。

资料来源:

[1] 真空管件常见故障分析-浙江超飞科技有限公司 - 真空阀门, 真空管件常见故障分析-浙江超飞科技有限公司

[2] [PDF] 真空泵和真空系统 - Edwards Vacuum, https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/content/dam/brands/edwards-vacuum/edwards-website-assets/corporate/documents/safety-manual/P40040846%20Simplified%20Chinese.pdf

[3] 维护技巧：低真空度故障排除, 维护技巧：低真空度故障排除-Nash服务-佶缔纳士-NASH

[4] 真空管- 维基百科，自由的百科全书, https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1

真空管中没有空气对其运行至关重要，而这是通过在设备内形成真空或几乎完全没有空气来实现的。真空有几个主要作用，每个作用都与真空管的功能密不可分。

The absence of air in a vacuum tube is crucial for its operation, and this is achieved by creating a vacuum, or near-complete absence of air, within the device. The vacuum serves several key purposes, each integral to the functionality of the tube.

Prevention of Oxidation and Contamination / 防止氧化和污染

保持真空的一个主要原因是防止受热元件氧化，尤其是通过热释电发射电子的阴极。空气中含有氧气，会导致这些元件在加热时迅速氧化，从而导致电子管性能下降和故障。真空环境消除了这种风险，从而延长了电子管的使用寿命和可靠性。

One primary reason for maintaining a vacuum is to prevent the oxidation of the heated components, particularly the cathode, which emits electrons through thermionic emission. The presence of air, which contains oxygen, would cause these components to oxidize rapidly when heated, leading to degradation and failure of the tube. The vacuum environment eliminates this risk, thereby prolonging the lifespan and reliability of the tube.

Efficient Electron Flow / 高效电子流

在真空管中，电子从阴极发射并向阳极移动。由于没有空气或任何气体分子，这些电子可以自由移动，不会与气体粒子发生碰撞。如果发生碰撞，就会破坏电子流，降低电子管的效率，损害其放大信号或将交流电（AC）转换为直流电（DC）的能力。真空可确保电子流畅通无阻，使电子管能够有效地发挥二极管、三极管或其他各种应用中的真空管的功能。

In a vacuum tube, electrons are emitted from the cathode and travel towards the anode. The absence of air or any gas molecules allows these electrons to move freely without colliding with gas particles. Such collisions, if they occurred, would disrupt the flow of electrons, reducing the efficiency of the tube and impairing its ability to amplify signals or convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). The vacuum ensures that the electron flow is unobstructed, enabling the tube to function effectively as a diode, triode, or other types of vacuum tubes used in various applications.

High Voltage Operation / 高压运行

真空管中的真空还使其能够承受高电压，而不会出现电弧或漏电流的风险，如果存在气体分子，则可能会出现这种风险。这一特性在高频和大功率应用中尤为重要，可确保真空管在各种操作要求下高效、安全地运行。

The vacuum in a tube also allows it to accommodate high voltages without a risk of electrical arcing or leakage current that can occur if gas molecules were present. This feature is especially important in high-frequency and high-power applications, ensuring that the tube operates efficiently and safely under various operational demands.

通过保持真空，真空管可以有效地实现其预期目的，在晶体管等固态技术出现之前，真空管在早期电子设备中用于放大、整流和开关的历史悠久。

By maintaining a vacuum, vacuum tubes can achieve their intended purpose effectively, supporting their historical use in early electronic devices for amplification, rectification, and switching before the advent of solid-state technologies like transistors.

资料来源:

[1] How do we know that there is no air inside a vacuum container?, https://www.quora.com/How-do-we-know-that-there-is-no-air-inside-a-vacuum-container

[2] ELI5 why doesn't the vacuum around the Earth "suck" the ... - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1aj15qy/eli5_why_doesnt_the_vacuum_around_the_earth_suck/

[3] Vacuum tube - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube

[4] Open-air electron tube - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/301465/open-air-electron-tube

[5] What part of a vacuum tube in an amplifier wears out and how does ..., https://www.quora.com/What-part-of-a-vacuum-tube-in-an-amplifier-wears-out-and-how-does-it-happen

[6] A vacuum tube controls the flow of electrons that pass through it. In ..., https://homework.study.com/explanation/a-vacuum-tube-controls-the-flow-of-electrons-that-pass-through-it-in-order-to-create-a-vacuum-nearly-all-of-the-air-must-be-removed-from-the-tube-what-advantages-do-you-think-is-gained-by-removing-a.html

[7] How Vacuum Tubes Work, How Vacuum Tubes Work

真空管在通电时可能会发光，这通常是由于真空管内的灯丝加热发出的光。灯丝是非常细的金属丝，当电流通过时，它产生光和热，进而激发阴极来放射电子. 在这种情况下，灯丝或阴极会发出微弱的红光，这是正常的操作现象.

此外，若真空管内的真空度不足，阴极射出的电子可能与管中的空气分子碰撞，引发接受激发后的空气原子发出红光。这种状况严重影响真空管的工作表现. 真空管内部的真空状态由除气剂来维持，以避免这种现象的发生.

资料来源:

[1] Tube-Pi 上面的真空管不會發光? (剛入手第 - Hiton Audio, Hiton Audio 一個屬於音響玩家們的討論區