本文档详细介绍了如何清洗和分析Twitter数据集，涉及数据收集、评估、清理和分析四个阶段。数据集来自@dog_rates，包含推特评分、狗的种类预测等信息。项目重点是处理8个质量问题和2个整洁度问题，如删除空值、重复值，转换数据类型等。最后进行了数据分析，揭示了最受欢迎的狗名和狗种类等信息。
项目概述
现实世界的数据通常都不干净。使用 Python 以及 Python 的库，可以收集各种来源、各种格式的数据，评估数据的质量和整洁度，然后进行清洗。这个过程叫做数据整理。可以在 Jupyter Notebook 中记录并展示数据整理的过程，然后使用 Python (及其库) 和/或 SQL 进行分析和可视化。
将要整理 (以及分析和可视化) 的数据集是推特用户 @dog_rates 的档案, 推特昵称为 WeRateDogs。WeRateDogs 是一个推特主，他以诙谐幽默的方式对人们的宠物狗评分。这些评分通常以 10 作为分母。但是分子则一般大于 10：11/10、12/10、13/10 等等。为什么会有这样的评分？因为 “They’re good dogs Brent.” WeRateDogs 拥有四百多万关注者，曾受到国际媒体的报道。
数据集
- WeRateDogs 的推特档案。这个数据文件是直接提供的，所以可以将其当作是手头文件来处理。点击此链接下载：twitter_archive_enhanced.csv
- 推特图像的预测数据，即根据神经网络，对出现在每个推特中狗的品种（或其他物体、动物等）进行预测的结果。这个文件需要使用 Python 的 Requests 库和以下提供的 URL 来进行编程下载。下载用的 URL：https://raw.githubusercontent.com/udacity/new-dand-advanced-china/master/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97/WeRateDogs%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/image-predictions.tsv)。
- 每条推特的额外附加数据，至少要包含转发数（retweet_count）和喜欢数（favorite_count）这两列，还可以收集任何你觉得有趣的列（注意：如果你的分析中不涉及到其他列则不需要收集）。使用 WeRateDogs 推特档案中的推特 ID，使用 Python Tweepy库查询 API 中每个推特的 JSON 数据，把所有 JSON 数据存储到一个名为 tweet_json.txt 的文件中。每个推特的 JSON 数据应当写入单独一行。然后将这个 .txt 文件逐行读入一个 pandas DataFrame 中，至少包含tweet ID、retweet_count 和 favorite_count字段。
项目要点
- 我们只需要含有图片的原始评级 (不包括转发)。尽管数据集中有 5000 多条数据，但是并不是所有都是狗狗评分，并且其中有一些是转发。——去除转发
- 完整地评估和清理整个数据集将需要大量时间，实践和展示数据处理技巧没有必要将这个数据集全部清理。因此，本项目的要求只是评估和清理此数据集中的至少 8 个质量问题和至少 2 个整洁度问题。
- 根据整洁数据 tidy data的规则要求，本项目的数据清理应该包括将三个数据片段进行合并。——阅读
- 如果分子评级超过分母评级，不需要进行清洗。这个 特殊评分系统 是 WeRateDogs 人气度较高的主要原因。（同样，也不需要删除分子小于分母的数据）——该类型非质量问题
- 不必收集 2017 年 8 月 1 日之后的数据，你可以收集到这些推特的基本信息，但是你不能收集到这些推特对应的图像预测数据，因为你没有图像预测算法的使用权限。——附加数据以8-1之前为准
项目流程
1.收集
# 导入需要的库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import requests
import os
- 收集手头文件
twitter_archive_enhanced.csv，其中包含了一些主要的推特信息，是本次清洗的主要数据，其中的评分、地位和名字等数据是从text原文中提取的，但是提取的并不好，评分并不都是正确的，狗的名字和地位也有不正确的 。如果你想用评分、地位和名字进行分析和可视化，需要评估和清洗这些列。完成这些列的评估和清洗，你可以学到更加实用的技能。 - 编程下载收集互联网文件：
image-predictions.tsv，其中包含了推特图像预测信息，根据推特中的图片预测出狗狗种类； - 查询 API 收集额外推特信息
tweet_json.txt，如果你无法访问 Twitter 的话，可以直接读取项目可供下载的tweet_json.txt文件，从中提取所需数据。至少需要提取转发数（retweet_count）和喜欢数（favorite_count）这两列，如果你的分析中不需要用到其他列，则不需要收集其他列。如果提取了其他列只用于清洗，那么这样的清洗没有意义。
# 读取收集的原始数据'twitter-archive-enhanced.txt'（）
df_one = pd.read_csv('twitter-archive-enhanced.txt',sep=',')
# 从网上下载神经网络识别数据，并加载
url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/udacity/new-dand-advanced-china/master/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97/WeRateDogs%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/image-predictions.tsv'
with open(os.path.join('image-predictions.tsv'), mode='w') as file:
file.write(requests.get(url).text)
df_two = pd.read_csv('image-predictions.tsv', sep='\t')
# 收集文件 3
import json
df_three = []
with open('tweet_json.txt','r') as f:
for row in f:
text = json.loads(row)
message = {
'tweet_id':text['id_str'],
'retweet_count':text['retweet_count'],
'favorite_count':text['favorite_count']}
df_three.append(message)
df_three = pd.DataFrame(df_three, columns=['tweet_id','retweet_count','favorite_count'])
2.评估
目测评估df_one
# 目测评估
pd.set_option('max_colwidth',200)
df_one
| tweet_id | in_reply_to_status_id | in_reply_to_user_id | timestamp | source | text | retweeted_status_id | retweeted_status_user_id | retweeted_status_timestamp | expanded_urls | rating_numerator | rating_denominator | name | doggo | floofer | pupper | puppo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 892420643555336193 | NaN | NaN | 2017-08-01 16:23:56 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Phineas. He's a mystical boy. Only ever appears in the hole of a donut. 13/10 https://t.co/MgUWQ76dJU | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/892420643555336193/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Phineas | None | None | None | None |
| 1 | 892177421306343426 | NaN | NaN | 2017-08-01 00:17:27 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Tilly. She's just checking pup on you. Hopes you're doing ok. If not, she's available for pats, snugs, boops, the whole bit. 13/10 https://t.co/0Xxu71qeIV | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/892177421306343426/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Tilly | None | None | None | None |
| 2 | 891815181378084864 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-31 00:18:03 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Archie. He is a rare Norwegian Pouncing Corgo. Lives in the tall grass. You never know when one may strike. 12/10 https://t.co/wUnZnhtVJB | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/891815181378084864/photo/1 | 12 | 10 | Archie | None | None | None | None |
| 3 | 891689557279858688 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-30 15:58:51 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Darla. She commenced a snooze mid meal. 13/10 happens to the best of us https://t.co/tD36da7qLQ | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/891689557279858688/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Darla | None | None | None | None |
| 4 | 891327558926688256 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-29 16:00:24 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Franklin. He would like you to stop calling him "cute." He is a very fierce shark and should be respected as such. 12/10 #BarkWeek https://t.co/AtUZn91f7f | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/891327558926688256/photo/1,https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/891327558926688256/photo/1 | 12 | 10 | Franklin | None | None | None | None |
| 5 | 891087950875897856 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-29 00:08:17 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | Here we have a majestic great white breaching off South Africa's coast. Absolutely h*ckin breathtaking. 13/10 (IG: tucker_marlo) #BarkWeek https://t.co/kQ04fDDRmh | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/891087950875897856/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | None | None | None | None | None |
| 6 | 890971913173991426 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-28 16:27:12 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | Meet Jax. He enjoys ice cream so much he gets nervous around it. 13/10 help Jax enjoy more things by clicking below\n\nhttps://t.co/Zr4hWfAs1H https://t.co/tVJBRMnhxl | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://gofundme.com/ydvmve-surgery-for-jax,https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890971913173991426/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Jax | None | None | None | None |
| 7 | 890729181411237888 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-28 00:22:40 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | When you watch your owner call another dog a good boy but then they turn back to you and say you're a great boy. 13/10 https://t.co/v0nONBcwxq | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890729181411237888/photo/1,https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890729181411237888/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | None | None | None | None | None |
| 8 | 890609185150312448 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-27 16:25:51 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Zoey. She doesn't want to be one of the scary sharks. Just wants to be a snuggly pettable boatpet. 13/10 #BarkWeek https://t.co/9TwLuAGH0b | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890609185150312448/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Zoey | None | None | None | None |
| 9 | 890240255349198849 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-26 15:59:51 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Cassie. She is a college pup. Studying international doggo communication and stick theory. 14/10 so elegant much sophisticate https://t.co/t1bfwz5S2A | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890240255349198849/photo/1 | 14 | 10 | Cassie | doggo | None | None | None |
| 10 | 890006608113172480 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-26 00:31:25 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Koda. He is a South Australian deckshark. Deceptively deadly. Frighteningly majestic. 13/10 would risk a petting #BarkWeek https://t.co/dVPW0B0Mme | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890006608113172480/photo/1,https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/890006608113172480/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Koda | None | None | None | None |
| 11 | 889880896479866881 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-25 16:11:53 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Bruno. He is a service shark. Only gets out of the water to assist you. 13/10 terrifyingly good boy https://t.co/u1XPQMl29g | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/889880896479866881/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Bruno | None | None | None | None |
| 12 | 889665388333682689 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-25 01:55:32 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | Here's a puppo that seems to be on the fence about something haha no but seriously someone help her. 13/10 https://t.co/BxvuXk0UCm | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/889665388333682689/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | None | None | None | None | puppo |
| 13 | 889638837579907072 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-25 00:10:02 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Ted. He does his best. Sometimes that's not enough. But it's ok. 12/10 would assist https://t.co/f8dEDcrKSR | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/889638837579907072/photo/1,https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/889638837579907072/photo/1 | 12 | 10 | Ted | None | None | None | None |
| 14 | 889531135344209921 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-24 17:02:04 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Stuart. He's sporting his favorite fanny pack. Secretly filled with bones only. 13/10 puppared puppo #BarkWeek https://t.co/y70o6h3isq | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/889531135344209921/photo/1 | 13 | 10 | Stuart | None | None | None | puppo |
| 15 | 889278841981685760 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-24 00:19:32 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Oliver. You're witnessing one of his many brutal attacks. Seems to be playing with his victim. 13/10 fr*ckin frightening #BarkWeek https://t.co/WpHvrQedPb | NaN | NaN | NaN | https://twitter.com/dog_rates/status/889278841981685760/video/1 | 13 | 10 | Oliver | None | None | None | None |
| 16 | 888917238123831296 | NaN | NaN | 2017-07-23 00:22:39 +0000 | <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a> | This is Jim. He found a fren. Taught him how to sit |
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